Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of all cancer-related deaths. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is released from apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells. Several sensitive techniques have been invented and adapted to quantify ctDNA genomic alterations. Applications of ctDNA in lung cancer include early diagnosis and detection, prognosis prediction, detecting mutations and structural alterations, minimal residual disease, tumor mutational burden, and tumor evolution tracking. Compared to surgical biopsy and radiographic imaging, the advantages of ctDNA are that it is a non-invasive procedure, allows real-time monitoring, and has relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Given the massive research on non-small cell lung cancer, attention should be paid to small cell lung cancer.Mitochondrial injury and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are considered to be the key mechanisms of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that form close physical contact with a specific domain of the ER, known as mitochondrial-associated membranes. The close physical contact between them is mainly restrained by ER-mitochondria tethering complexes, which can play an important role in mitochondrial damage, ER stress, lipid homeostasis, and cell death. Several ER-mitochondria tethering complex components are involved in the process of renal I/R injury. A better understanding of the physical and functional interaction between ER and mitochondria is helpful to further clarify the mechanism of renal I/R injury and provide potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we aim to describe the structure of the tethering complex and elucidate its pivotal role in renal I/R injury by summarizing its role in many important mechanisms, such as mitophagy, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, apoptosis and necrosis, ER stress, mitochondrial substance transport, and lipid metabolism.Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in lung cancer therapy due to their effectiveness and minimal side effects. However, only a few lung cancer patients benefit from ICI therapy, driving the need to develop alternative biomarkers. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) molecules expressed in tumor cells and immune cells play a key role in the immune checkpoint pathway. Therefore, PD-L1 expression is a prognostic biomarker in evaluating the effectiveness of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors. Nevertheless, adverse predictive outcomes suggest that other factors are implicated in the response. In this review, we present a detailed introduction of existing biomarkers concerning tumor abnormality and host immunity. PD-L1 expression, tumor mutation burden, neoantigens, specific gene mutations, circulating tumor DNA, human leukocyte antigen class I, tumor microenvironment, peripheral inflammatory cells, and microbiome are discussed in detail. To sum up, this review provides information on the current application and future prospects of ICI biomarkers.Bone cement, consisting of polymethyl methacrylate, is a bioinert material used for prothesis fixation in joint arthroplasty. To treat orthopedic infections, such as periprosthetic joint infection, antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) was introduced into clinical practice. Recent studies have revealed the limitations of the antibacterial effect of ALBC. Moreover, with the increase in high infection risk patients and highly resistant microbes, more researches and modification of ALBC are required. This paper reviewed latest findings about ALBC for most popular and destructive pathogens, summarized the influence of antibiotic kind, drug dosage, application method, and environment towards characteristic of ALBC. Subsequently, new cement additives and clinical applications of ALBC in joint arthroplasty were also discussed.

Due to development of magnetic resonance-based functional imaging, it is easier to detect micro-structural alterations of tumor tissues. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the correlation of non-Gaussian diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) parameters with expression of molecular markers (epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR]; anaplastic lymphoma kinase [ALK]; Ki-67 protein) in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, using routine diffusion-weighted imaging as the reference standard.

Data from patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed at Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CHCAMS) from 2016 to 2019 were collected for retrospective analysis. The pathologic and magnetic resonance imaging data of 96 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Specifically, the Kapp and Dapp parameters measured from the DKI model; apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value from the diffusion-weighted imaging model; and the EGFR, ALK, and Ki-6 Ki-67 in advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The results potentially indicate a surrogate measure of the status of different molecular markers assessed by non-invasive imaging tools.

The Kapp value of DKI parameters was strongly correlated with different expression of EGFR, ALK, and Ki-67 in advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The results potentially indicate a surrogate measure of the status of different molecular markers assessed by non-invasive imaging tools.

Valid blood pressure (BP) measurements are needed in post-stroke rehabilitation hospital units for the management of hypertension. Automated devices could be used to improve on usual care BP measurement. However, more information is needed about the performance of these devices in such a context.

This prospective nonrandomized study was performed in stroke patients with hypertension hospitalized in a stroke rehabilitation unit. Two in-hospital BP assessment strategies were compared usual care BP and in-hospital automated office BP (AOBP) standardized measurements. In-office AOBP and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) were also performed on these patients. The main outcome was SBP. Study follow-up was until discharge, up to a maximum of 4 weeks.

Sixty-two patients with stroke hospitalized in a rehabilitation unit were included. Usual care BP was 130 ± 12/79 ± 9 mmHg and differed from an in-hospital AOBP of 117 ± 14/75 ± 12 mmHg (P < 0.001/P < 0.001). In-hospital and in-office AOBP measurements did not differ. Twenty percent of patients reached SBP therapeutic goals according to in-hospital AOBP but not according to usual care BP measurements.

This study shows that in a post-stroke rehabilitation unit, standardized in-hospital AOBP estimates are on average much lower than the usual care BP correlates and similar to the in-office AOBP estimates. In-hospital AOBP devices in a stroke rehabilitation unit could add important information for the management of hypertension.

This study shows that in a post-stroke rehabilitation unit, standardized in-hospital AOBP estimates are on average much lower than the usual care BP correlates and similar to the in-office AOBP estimates. In-hospital AOBP devices in a stroke rehabilitation unit could add important information for the management of hypertension.In patients with atrial fibrillation refractory to drug therapy and cardioversion, pulmonary vein ablation is an alternative treatment that eradicates arrhythmogenic activity originating in the muscles of the pulmonary veins. While this procedure has a low incidence of significant complications, iatrogenic injuries are possible. Through multimodality pictorial examples utilizing computed tomography, nuclear medicine, fluoroscopy, and chest radiographs, the complications associated with pulmonary vein ablation will be reviewed. Examples of pulmonary vein stenosis, right phrenic nerve injury with associated diaphragmatic paralysis, atrioesophageal fistula, and pericardioesophageal fistula will be illustrated.

The purpose of this study was to differentiate nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with incidental myocardial infarction (NICM with incidental MI) from ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) by integrating left ventricular (LV) geometric indices and ischemic late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), obtained from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.

All subjects were studied on a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. All patients had an LV ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% with LV dilation. LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), LVEDV index (LVEDVi), LVEF, the number and distribution of ischemic LGE segments, and ratios of volumetric and functional indices to ischemic LGE segments were determined. Logistic regression was used to detect the independent predictor of ICM. Receiver operating characteristic analysis differentiated NICM with incidental MI from ICM.

Of a total of 63 patients enrolled, 45 patients had ICM, and 18 patients had NICM with incidental MI. Both groups had similar LVEF. Compared with ICM, NICM with incidental MI had more LV dilation, whereas ICM had more ischemic LGE segments. A higher number of ischamic LGE segments remained an independent predictor of ICM (odds ratio 18.2, 95% confidence interval 1.64-201.34, P=0.018). The optimal cut-off value for detecting NICM with incidental MI is the ratio of LVEDVi to the number of ischemic LGE segments over 25 mL/m/segment (sensitivity 100%, specificity 91%, P<0.0001).

Patients with NICM with incidental MI can be reliably distinguished from ICM using the ratio of LVEDVi divided by the number of ischemic LGE segments. This technique may improve diagnosis and help aid management of patients with cardiomyopathy and coexistent coronary artery disease.

Patients with NICM with incidental MI can be reliably distinguished from ICM using the ratio of LVEDVi divided by the number of ischemic LGE segments. This technique may improve diagnosis and help aid management of patients with cardiomyopathy and coexistent coronary artery disease.Soft tissue tumors are a relatively rare and diagnostically challenging group of neoplasms that can have varying lines of differentiation. Accurate diagnosis is important for appropriate treatment and prognostication. In the 8 years since the publication of the 4th Edition of World Health Organization (WHO) classification of soft tissue tumors, significant advances have been made in our understanding of soft tissue tumor molecular biology and diagnostic criteria. The 5th Edition of the 2020 WHO classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone incorporated these changes. Classification of tumors, in general, but particularly in soft tissue tumors, is increasingly based on the molecular characteristics of tumor types. Understanding tumor molecular genetics improves diagnostic accuracy for tumors that have been difficult to classify on the basis of morphology alone, or that have overlapping morphologic features. In many large hospitals in the United States and Europe, molecular tests on soft tissue tumors are a routine part of diagnosis. Therefore, surgical pathologists should be familiar with newly emerging molecular genetic techniques in clinical settings. In the near future, molecular tests, particularly in soft tissue tumor diagnosis, will become as routine during diagnosis as immunohistochemistry is currently. This new edition provides an updated classification scheme and essential diagnostic criteria for soft tissue tumors. Newly recognized entities and subtypes of existing tumor types, several reclassified tumors, and newly defined molecular and genetic data have been incorporated. Herein, we summarize the updates in the WHO 5th Edition, focusing on major changes in each category of soft tissue tumor, and the newly described tumor entities and subtypes.