in 1995, receiving a total of 412 citations at an annual citation rate of 16.4%.

This report identifies the most influential publications on EDH as well as the publications trends over the last 70 years. Recognition of the most impactful work is an important tool for clinicians and researchers as it can reflect the enormous changes in the clinical practice. This report can serve as a guide for developing evidence-based practices and identifying areas of research inadequacy.

This report identifies the most influential publications on EDH as well as the publications trends over the last 70 years. Recognition of the most impactful work is an important tool for clinicians and researchers as it can reflect the enormous changes in the clinical practice. This report can serve as a guide for developing evidence-based practices and identifying areas of research inadequacy.

ADAMTS-1 is the first described matrix metalloproteinase considered to be involved in the stages of cancer progression, including cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis. The present study analyzed the expression of ADAMTS-1, NF-κB, and STAT3 in human pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma specimens and their correlation with glioma advancement.

Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma tumor cell lines were treated with low and high doses of cytokines at 24 and 48 hours to replicate the inflammatory environment. The effects of IL-1 were assessed with the scratch wound-healing assay, and the expression levels of ADAMTS-1, NF-κB, and STAT3 of the groups were determined by western blot analysis.

Cytokine treatment significantly increased the migration of PXA glioma cells after scratching at 24h and 48h timepoints. Similarly, 10 and 30 ng/mL IL-1 induced 1.86 and 1.94 fold increases, respectively, in ADAMTS-1 expression after 24h, and 3 and 3.27 fold increases, respectively, after 48h, compared with the non-treatment control group.10 and 30 ng/mL IL-1 doses caused 2.5 and 2.6 fold increase, in NF-κB protein levels after 24h, and 3.16 and 3.41 fold increases after 48h, compared with the non-treatment group. The protein levels of STAT3 after 24h were 2.62 and 2.43 fold higher, and 3.78 and 3.84 fold higher after 48 hours, with 10 and 30 ng/mL IL-1, compared with the non-treatment group.

The proliferation and progression of glioma cells were proportional to the increased expression levels of ADAMTS-1, NF-κB, and STAT3. Our findings indicate that the proteolytic function of ADAMTS-1 may be associated with the malignant transformation of low-grade gliomas.

The proliferation and progression of glioma cells were proportional to the increased expression levels of ADAMTS-1, NF-κB, and STAT3. Our findings indicate that the proteolytic function of ADAMTS-1 may be associated with the malignant transformation of low-grade gliomas.

Foramina transversaria (FT) are located on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae. These foramina are known to exhibit variations with regard to shape, size and may even absent, incomplete or duplicated. The aim of this study was to investigate the variations in number, shape, size of foramina transversaria of the human cervical vertebrae and their clinical importance Material and Methods 200 dry cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) of 40 spines were studied for the presence of variations in number, size and shape of the FT. The foramina were further classified according to their shape depending upon the direction of their main diameter Results Accessory foramina was found in 40 cervical vertebrae. Bilateral accessory foramen was slightly more common than a unilateral one. Occurrence of accessory foramen followed a particular pattern. Incidence increased in descending order of cervical vertebrae and most commonly found in C7. On the right side, the mean of antero-posterior and transverse diameter was 4.96±1.08 y can be useful in interpretation of radiographic images (computerized tomography and angiograms).

Stroke, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, is a major contributor to mortality and disability worldwide. Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are intracranial vascular anomalies with direct connections between the arterial and venous systems, but not through the capillaries. Among the management techniques of AVMs, endovascular embolization may lead to ischemia that may cause the revascularization of the AVM via angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an important angiogenic factor, exerts its activities through its receptors, VEGFRs. Aside from membrane-bound VEGFRs, two soluble forms, namely sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2, are found in the plasma and act as antiangiogenic factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of VEGF in the brain and sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 levels in the plasma of rats after cerebral ischemia.

Rats were divided into three groups as follows Group 1 Sham-operated group, Group 2 Complete occlusion of the right carotid artery, Group 3 Complete occlusion of the right carotid artery and temporary occlusion of the left carotid artery for 10 min. Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 10 prior to the sacrification to measure the sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 levels. On day 10, animals were sacrificed, and brain tissue was collected to analyze VEGF expression.

Postoperative sVEGFR1 levels reduced significantly in Group 3, while it remained stable in other groups. sVEGFR2 levels did not change in any group. Although VEGF staining scores in the groups that underwent ischemia procedures increased compared to group 1, no significant differences were observed.

Decreased levels of sVEGFR1 can be a mechanism contributing to angiogenesis in AVMs by increasing the levels of VEGF available to bind membrane-bound VEGFRs.

Decreased levels of sVEGFR1 can be a mechanism contributing to angiogenesis in AVMs by increasing the levels of VEGF available to bind membrane-bound VEGFRs.

This paper aims to present the MRI findings of a multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT).

The authors identified four patients with MVNT in the hospital between January 2015 and October 2019. Both the clinical and radiological data of the patients were collected for analysis.

Three patients complained of non-specific headaches. One patient had vertigo and imbalance. MRI sequences, including spectroscopy, perfusion, and DWI sequences, were retrospectively evaluated. The lesions were located in the subcortical and periventricular white matter of the parietal and temporal lobes, showed confluency, and comprised nodular pattern. The lesions appeared isointense to the cerebral cortex on T1 weighted imaging and hyperintense on T2 weighted and FLAIR sequences. None of the lesions showed diffusion restriction or contrast enhancement. Three of the lesions demonstrated a slight increase in choline peak and a slight decrease in N-acetyl aspartate peak. One lesion showed a noticeable increase in the Cho peak and a decrease in the NAA peak.

Radiological features of MVNT are specific. Recognizing the MRI findings would help avoid unnecessary interventions in these patients, who are usually asymptomatic.

Radiological features of MVNT are specific. Recognizing the MRI findings would help avoid unnecessary interventions in these patients, who are usually asymptomatic.

To evaluate the duration of hospitalization and the factors that increase this duration in cases treated in the neonatal intensive care unit with the diagnosis of a spinal neural tube defect (NTD).

The demographic characteristics, NTD type and level, ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt needs, accompanying spinal deformity, antibiotherapy applied during treatment, and intensive care stay periods of 73 patients treated in our clinic between July 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated.

The intensive care stay of NTD cases was 7?109 (mean=23) days. Fifty-one cases (69.9%) had myeloschisis, and 22 cases (30.1%) had myelomeningocele (MMC) sac. A V-P shunt was applied to 24 cases (32.9%) during hospitalization, and additional antibiotherapy was given to 32 (43.8%) cases.

In myeloschisis cases compared with MMC marsupial cases, incidences of ventricular dilatation, kyphotic/scoliotic spine pathology, V-P shunt requirement, and longer hospital stay were observed. No difference in the duration of hospitaliza stay can be shortened.

We aimed to study the changes in the distribution of and the transcriptional levels associated with α4- and α7-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices of rats after electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain (BF).

Immunofluorescence (IF) analyses were performed on brain sections from 20 rats (experimental groups controls, contralateral, and ipsilateral to BF stimulation). The nAChR receptor complexes were labeled with antibodies and counted (N) in the cortical layers of the hindlimb representation (S1HL), barrel field (S1BF), and M1. To determine the relative transcriptional mRNA levels, qRT-PCR was performed with tissue from the associated brain regions of 14 different animals in two groups, controls and BF stimulation.

For all three tested brain regions, N and D (density) of the α7-subtype nAChR increased in both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres after BF stimulation. There was no change in N and D of the α4 subtype. Regardless of BF stimulation, N of both subtypes was lower in M1 compared to S1HL and S1BF, and D was highest in layers II-IV. BF stimulation had no significant effect on the relative mRNA levels of both receptor subtypes.

The results show an upregulation of the α7-subtype nAChR as a result of BF stimulation, based on receptor-complex counts on IF images. However, this change was not reflected in mRNA levels, which suggest post-translational modifications. Overall, this study suggests structural changes from the effects of cholinergic projections to the somatosensory and motor cortices.

The results show an upregulation of the α7-subtype nAChR as a result of BF stimulation, based on receptor-complex counts on IF images. However, this change was not reflected in mRNA levels, which suggest post-translational modifications. Overall, this study suggests structural changes from the effects of cholinergic projections to the somatosensory and motor cortices.

The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of symptomatic lumbar synovial facet cysts in lumbar spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients who admitted to neurosurgery clinic of our institution, retrospectively. Also, we aimed to report the clinic and radiologic outcome of patients with symptomatic spinal synovial cyst, who undergo conservative treatment.

One thousand two hundred forty-three patients who admitted to Ordu University Neurosurgery outpatient clinic between 2015-2019 and underwent lumbosacral Magnetic resonance imaging and lumbosacral computed tomography examinations were reviewed retrospectively. The disappearance of cysts during radiologic follow up was accepted as spontaneous complete resolution, besides reduction in cyst dimensions and/or contrast enhancement were considered as radiologic regression. Decrease in radiculopathy, back pain and neurologic deficit complaints were also considered as clinical improvement.

Thirteen patients (8 men, 5 women) patients with lumbar synovial cysts who admitted to the neurosurgery outpatient clinic with low back and radicular pain complaints were included in the study.