FDG PET CT is sometimes considered for patients with non Sq H&N cancer. If used in this context, a baseline FDG PET-CT should be done to ensure that the tumour is avid. Most H&N malignant tumours are avid. However, salivary gland cancers, and tumours with muco-epidermoid, adenoid cystic and clear cell histology show paucity of FDG avidity, especially when they recur. In addition, peri-neural invasion cannot be detected reliably with FDG PET-CT.

Children who are left behind when their parents migrate for work have a high prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems, which affect social function and increase family burden. To date, no national survey has been conducted on the emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children (LBC) in China. This study aimed to investigate the emotional and behavioral outcomes of primary school LBC in the fourth grade in impoverished rural China and the possible influences of family environment and parenting practices.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in 27 rural counties in the central and western parts of China from November 2016 to January 2017. The method of quota sampling was adopted to achieve a representative sample using postweighting adjustment. The survey sample was distributed proportionately across each county. LBC were defined as children aged <16years who had two parents leave home to work or one parent leave home while the other lost the capacity to rear their children. The term were associated with abnormal SDQ total scores in LBC.

Adolescent health has been gaining increasing attention in the Sustainable Development Goals era. Data on adolescent health financing are essential for evidence-based policy planning and evaluation. Little is known on national expenditure on adolescent health in China. To inform decision-making on national strategies of adolescent health and development, this study estimated expenditure on adolescent health-care utilization in China and identified funding sources and their allocation among different health functions.

We constructed and implemented an institutional survey and collected primary financial data from health institutions in the nine selected administrative provinces in 2014. We used the collected data to generate estimate of proportion of health spending on adolescent health and its breakdowns by health-care functions, health-care financing schemes, and diseases based on primary diagnosis. We applied the proportion estimates to the 2014 national-level health expenditure data and estimated natioout-of-pocket spending on medical care used by adolescents.

Current financing mechanism on adolescent health stressed on curative care and imposed a large portion of financial burden on households. Future investment on adolescent health shall focus more on preventive care. Financing schemes shall be adjusted so as to reduce household out-of-pocket spending on medical care used by adolescents.

Adolescence is a critical period for physical and psychological development; therefore, health interventions at this phase may be especially beneficial. In this study, we aim to describe the distribution of the adolescent health care system in China and to compare the perceived barriers of running an adolescent clinic (AC) proposed by hospitals with corresponding government entities.

A nationwide online survey was launched by the National Health Commission of China in December 2015, among 116 Maternal and Children’s Healthcare (MCH) hospitals located across 24 randomized selected provinces. The online survey included management questionnaires filled out by health administrators from local health commissions and service questionnaires filled out by adolescent care providers from MCH hospitals.

Among the surveyed provinces, only 7% have special funding for adolescent health care, 13% have a supporting policy, 8% have guidelines/service standards, and 16% provide adolescent health care based in MCH hospitant health care system in China, including improved linkage between health and education and community systems, comprehensive approaches move beyond sexual and reproductive education, as well as the workforce development and capacity-building.

This national survey, for the first time, presents a whole picture of adolescent health care in MCH hospital settings in China. Among the surveyed MCH hospitals, major areas of discordance between administrators and health care providers were barriers in demand and profits, which health administrators tend to overlook. A number of strategic priorities are proposed to best guide the development of the adolescent health care system in China, including improved linkage between health and education and community systems, comprehensive approaches move beyond sexual and reproductive education, as well as the workforce development and capacity-building.

This article explores differences between the current health status of adolescents and the targets set in Healthy China 2030 (HC2030).

Global and domestic policies and strategies relating to adolescent health were reviewed. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990-2016) and the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (1985-2014) were used to analyze time trends and geographical distributions of health indicators for adolescents aged 10-19years in China.

The Chinese government has released many health policies over the past 3decades. In this context, there has been a major decline in all-cause mortality and stunting. However, gaps between the current health status of adolescents and the targets set in HC2030 were numerous. The prevalence of obesity and poor vision increased rapidly, and few adolescents meet the physical activity and fitness targets set in HC2030. Urban/rural differences were marked for some indicators such as obesity, whereas for other indicators (e.g., stunting), there remained notable differences across provinces.

Many long-standing health problems of adolescents have improved, but new problems related to noncommunicable disease risks have emerged and should be a prominent focus for policy action under HC2030.

Many long-standing health problems of adolescents have improved, but new problems related to noncommunicable disease risks have emerged and should be a prominent focus for policy action under HC2030.

The purpose of the study was to propose a health indicator system responsive to current Chinese adolescent health needs and identify data gaps in current information systems.

We identified 186 keywords for adolescent health gathered from three sources contributors to the burden of disease captured in the Global Burden of Diseases 2015, together with independent literature and expert desk reviews; major health-related policies released by the State Council of China; and global strategies issued by UN agencies over the past five years. All keywords were synthesized into indicators and ranked with core indicators identified through panel discussions and literature review. A further systematic review was conducted to identify data sources for each indicator.

We identified 100 indicators which we categorized into five dimensions health outcomes including adolescent mortality and morbidity; health knowledge, skills and risk behaviors including smoking, physical activity; demographic and socioeconomic status including education or employment; responsiveness of the health service system including the provision of health education at school; and the physical and social environments including safe drinking water, secondhand smoke exposure, injuries, and bullying. In total, 72 indicators had nationally representative data, including 22 out of 24 core indicators (91.7%), 27 out of 33 potential core indicators (81.8%), and 23 out of 43 general indicators (53.5%). A large proportion of these indicators rely solely on data from school or household surveys.

The proposed health indicator system has the potential to rapidly identify shifting priorities for adolescent health in China but will require greater investment in primary data collection in neglected areas.

The proposed health indicator system has the potential to rapidly identify shifting priorities for adolescent health in China but will require greater investment in primary data collection in neglected areas.Palpitations are a common presenting symptom in primary care, yet their cause can be difficult to diagnose due to their intermittent and sometimes infrequent nature. All patients presenting with a chief complaint of palpitations should undergo a detailed history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG). This alone can yield a probable diagnosis. Limited laboratory testing, ambulatory ECG monitoring, and cardiology referral are sometimes indicated. This article reviews current data and guidelines on how to evaluate palpitations in the primary care setting.The primary care physician is well positioned to identify and treat patients with cognitive impairment (CI). Simple, validated tools can screen for CI in the office. Identifying the type of dementia and stage of the disease helps to guide care. A thorough history, medication review, physical examination, laboratory workup, and imaging studies can help identify specific causes contributing to memory loss. A patient-centered, multidisciplinary team approach includes nonpharmacological and pharmacologic treatments. Patient safety and preservation of functional status should be at the forefront of caring for the forgetful patient.Primary care physicians frequently evaluate patients with constipation. The history is crucial in uncovering warning symptoms and signs that warrant colonoscopy. Particular elements in the history and rectal examination also can provide clues regarding the underlying etiology. Regardless of etiology, lifestyle modifications, fiber, and laxatives are first-line therapies. Patients who fail first-line therapies can be offered second-line treatments and/or referred for testing of defecatory function. In those with severely refractory symptoms, referrals to a gastroenterologist and a surgeon should be considered.Headaches are common in primary care. The diagnosis is made by a careful history and physical examination. Imaging is generally not warranted. Several general principles underlie the acute treatment of headache early initiation of therapy and adequate dosing at first dose. Careful attention to avoiding too frequent administration of acute therapy is important to avoid medication overuse headaches. Opioids should always be avoided. Preventive treatment is indicated for frequent headaches. Successful treatment entails low-dose medication with careful titration and monitoring of headache frequency. Behavioral strategies are important and should be part of any comprehensive headache management plan.Cough is a common presenting symptom for patients in a primary care setting. Chronic cough is defined as a cough lasting for more than 8 weeks. The most common causes of chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Detailed history and physical examination are critical in identifying potential etiologies of cough. When there is no prevailing diagnosis, step-wise empiric trial of medication is a strategic and cost-effective approach. Certain features of chronic cough should provoke an expedited and invasive diagnostic strategy. Effectively treating patients with chronic cough has a high impact on quality of life.