Collectively, we showed PAE exerted analgesic effect through inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway and subsequent generation of cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in the ACC.Antibiotics are recently recognized as a group of emerging environmental contaminants that are frequently detected in various environmental matrixes. Relative root elongation (RRE) test is a rapid and effective strategy to evaluate the water/soil quality and the toxic effects of environmental contaminants on plants. In the present study, we examine the toxicity effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), and tetracycline (TET) to pakchoi individually and in combinations. Both independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) models are used for toxicity assessment. Results showed that the EC50 values of CIP, NOR, and TET are 193.59, 60.81, and 40.37 μM, respectively. Combinations of TET + CIP and TET + NOR caused more inhibitory effects on root elongation than those of CIP + NOR. Toxic Unit (TU) and Synergistic Ratio (SR) analysis showed that the relatively lower (higher) EC values are observed in the combinations with lower (higher) antibiotic concentrations, suggesting an effect of low-dose synergism and high-dose antagonism. The reliability of the simulation results from IA and CA models to predict that combined toxicity is highly dependent upon the results from the analysis of TU or SR.Advances in Health Sciences Education (AHSE) has been at the forefront of the cognitive wave in health professions education for the past 25 years. One example is research on productive failure, a teaching strategy that asks learners to attempt to generate solutions to difficult problems before receiving instruction. This study compared the effectiveness of productive failure with indirect failure to further characterize the underpinning cognitive mechanisms of productive failure. Year one pharmacy students (N = 42) were randomly assigned to a productive failure or an indirect failure learning condition. The problem of estimating renal function based on serum creatinine was described to participants in the productive failure learning condition, who were then asked to generate a solution. Participants in the indirect failure condition learned about the same problem and were given incorrect solutions that other students had created, as well as the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and asked to compare and contrast the equations. Immediately thereafter all participants completed a series of tests designed to assess acquisition, application, and preparation for future learning (PFL). The tests were repeated after a 1-week delay. Participants in the productive failure condition outperformed those in the indirect failure condition, both on the immediate PFL assessment, and after a 1-week delay. These results emphasize the crucial role of generation in learning. When preparing novice students to learn new knowledge in the future, generating solutions to problems prior to instruction may be more effective than simply learning about someone else’s mistakes. Struggle and failure are most productive when experienced personally by a learner because it requires the learner to engage in generation, which deepens conceptual understanding.

To establish with negative electroretinogram (ERG) the clinical entity of eight patients with unilateral severe photophobia, essentially normal fundus, good visual acuity, and severe cone and rod dysfunction.

Multicenter retrospective observation case series.

Comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations were performed, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), full-field ERGs and multifocal ERGs (mfERGs), fundus photographs, and OCT. Systemic and genetic examinations were performed.

The mean (± SD) age at the onset was 60.0 ± 8.4years, and the six patients noticed severe photophobia in the affected eye in spite of almost normal fundus appearance and good BCVA. The dark-adapted bright flash ERGs in the affected eye had relatively well-preserved a-waves and depressed b-waves, i.e., a negative ERG. Cone ERGs and both b- and d-waves of the photopic long-duration ERGs were almost undetectable. Rod ERGs were severely reduced; however, only two patients complained of night blindness. In five patients, the mfERGs were extinguished in the periphery but preserved in the central retina, resulting in good BCVA. Electrophysiological findings indicated a severe diffuse dysfunction of the inner retina affecting bipolar cells of both ON- and OFF-pathways, and in five patients there was a reduction in the thickness of the inner nuclear layer. In seven patients the retinal arteries were attenuated. Anti-retinal antibodies were detected in the serum of two patients. No genetic causes were found.

The common features in the eight patients with unilateral negative ERGs suggest a new disease entity of unilateral acute inner retinal layer dysfunction. In most patients, the only subjective complain was photophobia.

The common features in the eight patients with unilateral negative ERGs suggest a new disease entity of unilateral acute inner retinal layer dysfunction. In most patients, the only subjective complain was photophobia.

To systematically review the modulatory effects of bilateral arm training (BAT) on the brain of stroke patients in contrast to unilateral arm training (UAT) or regular motor training.

We conducted a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Science Citation Index Expanded databases from the inception to March 2019 for identifying any relevant studies. Two authors independently screened the literature, extracted data, and qualitatively described the included studies.

Eleven studies with a total of 225 stroke patients were included in this review. 156 out of those participants received neuroimaging or neurophysiological examinations. Six studies reported enhanced activation of the ipsilesional primary motor area (M1) induced by BAT, as measured by MEP and fMRI. Beyond the M1, three studies showed that supplementary motor area (SMA) was activated, and three studies found the primary sensory cortex area (S1) was activated by BAT in stroke patients, as measured by fMRI. One article showed that thetor area (SMA), and primary sensory cortex (S1) and enhancing the intra-hemispheric and interhemispheric connectivity within the sensorimotor network and the cortical motor system.Modeling metal sorption in soils is of great importance to predict the fate of heavy metals and to assess the actual risk driven from pollution. The present study focuses on adsorption of HM ions on two types of hydromorphic soils, including calcaric fluvisols loamic and calcaric fluvic arenosols. The individual and competitive adsorption behaviors of Cu and Zn on soils and soil constituents are evaluated comprehensively. It is established that the sorption processes were best described with the Langmuir model. The results suggest that the calcaric fluvic arenosols are more vulnerable to heavy metal input compared to fluvisols loamic. In all cases, Cu had a higher range of values of the adsorption process parameters relative to Zn. The Zn is likely to be the most critical environmental factor in such soils since it exhibited a decreased sorption under competitive conditions. The retention mechanisms of HM in hydromorphic soils are considered. Based on theoretical calculations of ion activity in soil solutions using solubility diagrams of Cu and Zn compounds, the possibility of precipitation of Cu hydroxide and Zn carbonate in the studied soils is shown. Direct physical methods of nondestructive testing (XAFS and XRD) are applied to experimentally prove the formation of these HM compounds on the surface of montmorillonite, the dominant mineral in hydromorphic soils, and calcite. Thus, the combination of both physicochemical methods and direct physical methods can provide a large amount of real information about the mechanisms of HM retain with solid phases.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in many physiological processes in plant. By high-throughput RNA-sequencing, many pathogen-associated LncRNAs were mapped in various plants, and some of them were proved to be involved in plant defense responses. The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. However, M. oryzae-induced LncRNAs in rice is yet to be studied.

We investigated rice LncRNAs that were associated with the rice blast fungus. Totally 83 LncRNAs were up-regulated after blast fungus infection and 78 were down-regulated. Of them, the natural antisense transcripts (NATs) were the most abundant. The expression of some LncRNAs has similar pattern with their host genes or neighboring genes, suggesting a cis function of them in regulating gene transcription level. The deferentially expressed (DE) LncRNAs and genes co-expression analysis revealed some LncRNAs were associated with genes known to be involved in pathogen resistance, and these genes were enriched in terpenoid biosynthesis and defense response by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Interestingly, one of up-regulated DE-intronic RNA was derived from a jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic gene, lipoxygenase RLL (LOX-RLL). Levels of JAs were significantly increased after blast fungus infection. Given that JA is known to regulate blast resistance in rice, we suggested that LncRNA may be involved in JA-mediated rice resistance to blast fungus.

This study identified blast fungus-responsive LncRNAs in rice, which provides another layer of candidates that regulate rice and blast fungus interactions.

This study identified blast fungus-responsive LncRNAs in rice, which provides another layer of candidates that regulate rice and blast fungus interactions.

To optimize the direct production of

Ga on a cyclotron, via the

Zn(p,n)

Ga reaction using a liquid cyclotron target. We Investigated the yield of cyclotron-produced

Ga, extraction of [

Ga]GaCl

and subsequent [

Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 labeling using an automated synthesis module.

Irradiations of a 1.0 M solution of [

Zn]Zn(NO

)

in dilute (0.2-0.3 M) HNO

were conducted using GE PETtrace cyclotrons and GE

Ga liquid targets. The proton beam energy was degraded to a nominal 14.3 MeV to minimize the co-production of

Ga through the

Zn(p,2n)

Ga reaction without unduly compromising

Ga yields. We also evaluated the effects of varying beam times (50-75 min) and beam currents (27-40 μA). Crude

Ga production was measured. The extraction of [

Ga]GaCl

was performed using a 2 column solid phase method on the GE FASTlab Developer platform. Extracted [

Ga]GaCl

was used to label [

Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 that was intended for clinical use.

The decay corrected yield of

Ga at EOB was typically > 3.7 GBq lotron irradiation of a liquid target provides clinically relevant quantities of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and is a viable alternative to traditional 68Ge/68Ga generators.With the increasing number of fungal infections and immunocompromised patients, rapid and accurate fungal identification is required in clinical microbiology laboratories. We evaluated the applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system, MicroIDSys Elite (ASTA Corp., South Korea) for the identification of medically important filamentous fungi. A total of 505 strains comprising 37 genera and 90 species collected from 11 Korean hospitals were sent to the microbiology laboratory of International St. Mary’s Hospital. All isolates were tested using MicroIDSys Elite, and data were analyzed using the MoldDB v.1.22 database (ASTA). Correct identification rates were compared with the multigene sequencing results. MicroIDSys Elite correctly identified 86.5% (437/505) and 88.9% (449/505) of all tested isolates at the species and genus level, respectively. About 98.2% of Aspergillus isolates were identified at the species level, including cryptic and rare species of A.