The application of zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) to remediate soil and groundwater has gained increased attention within the last decade, primarily due to its high reactivity, cost effectiveness and potential to treat a broad range of contaminants (e.g. chlorinated organic solvents, inorganic anions, or metals).

In this paper, the state of the art of the applicability of nanomaterials especially the most frequently used nZVI in soil and groundwater is presented. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the current knowledge pertaining to the synthesis, employment, limitations, and risk of iron nanoparticles.

Therefore, the authors have reviewed and discussed the recent patents and papers related to the developments and approaches made on the synthesis of iron nanoparticles emphasizing the justification of green synthesis methods. The studies related to the effective use of nanoparticles in remediating organic and inorganic contaminants are addressed. The potential limitations, challrmed prior nZVI applications to assess their behavior and impact on the environment and living systems.

Acne is one of the most infectious diseases that is related to human skin. This disease of acne is with higher prevalence in adults. The main causative organism involved in the acne vulgaris is Propiobacterium acne which leads to sebum production and follicular hyper-keratinization. The scientific data shows inflammatory mediators of genetic factors, stress, physiological factor, androgens, hormonal changes all these factors play major part in the pathophysiology of acne. Several drugs are currently available for the treatment of acne like bactericidal, antibiotic and several others which are directly or indirectly involved in the eradication of acne.

Nanocarrier systems including liposomes, niosomes, microsponges, nano-emulsion and micro-emulsion, microspheres and solid lipid nanoparticles have emerged as successful treatment for acne. In this article, the authors have laid special emphasis on these nanocarriers and the study of various patents based on novel technologies in this field. The entrapment ofcorporating microcapsules and ultrasound delivery of nanoparticles for acne treatment are also briefly discussed. The patent study on these nanocarriers was done through worldwide database of United States patent office, European patent office and several other official patent information websites.Breast milk has been considered the best source of nutrition for newborns. Several epidemiological and basic experimental studies have been conducted to understand the nutritional advantages of breast milk. Previous findings have emphasized the importance of a good maternal nutrition. Maternal milk provides macromolecules, minerals, immune cells, antibodies, hormones and regular flora to strengthen their offspring preventing various some diseases. Maternal milk helps to facilitate physiological, and molecular maturation of several systems, which are important for the final maturation of organs and newborn body development. Currently, breastfeeding is being abandoned for various reasons such as lower milk production, lack of time, abandonment of the family, social or emotional problems and adverse environmental conditions. These permanent alterations during a critical developmental window have negative consequences in regard to the development of the offspring and organ maturation leading to metabolic, reproductive, hormonal and physiological problems from early life to the adulthood. This review describes the advantages of breast milk and the importance for the mother to maintain an adequate diet during pregnancy and lactation, in addition to maintaining a healthy lifestyle and harmonious family relationships. Such an environment will contribute to the complete maturation and development of the offspring.

Type one diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by gradual destruction of beta cells in islets of Langerhans. Teplizumab is a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, which may have beneficial effects for T1DM patients.

To assess the safety and efficacy of teplizumab in T1DM patients.

We searched electronic databases using related keywords for randomized clinical trials that assessing the safety and efficacy of teplizumab. We evaluated the retrieved citations for eligibility, and we extracted the data then analyzed it using Review Manager Software.

We included eight randomized clinical trials with 866 patients. Teplizumab was associated with lower insulin use than placebo at 6 months (MD = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.24, -0.09], P < 0.001), 12 months (MD = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.06], P < 0.001), 18 months (MD = -0.22, 95% CI [-0.32, -0.11], P < 0.001) and 24 months (MD = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.28, -0.06], P = 0.003). The area under the curve of C-peptide was significantly increased in teplizumab group at 12 months (MD = 0.08, 95% CI [0.01, 0.15], P = 0.03), 18 months (MD = 0.13, 95% CI [0.01, 0.25], P = 0.03) and 24 months (MD = 0.13, 95% CI [0.01, 0.24], P = 0.03). No significant effect of teplizumab on HbA1c levels at any time point. Teplizumab was associated with some side effects such as lymphopenia, skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders.

Teplizumab is associated with lower insulin use and higher AUC of C-peptide in type 1 diabetic patients with no significant effect on Hb1c levels. Besides, teplizumab showed some adverse effects.

Teplizumab is associated with lower insulin use and higher AUC of C-peptide in type 1 diabetic patients with no significant effect on Hb1c levels. Besides, teplizumab showed some adverse effects.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has consolidated as a major public health problem, affecting ~25% of the global population. This percentage is significantly higher in the setting of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Presence of NAFLD is associated with severe liver complications, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; i.e., presence of inflammation and necrosis), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the majority of these patients die of cardiovascular disease. For this reason, management of this condition requires a multidisciplinary team, where primary care providers are at center stage. However, important misconceptions remain among primary care providers, preventing them from appropriately approach these patients. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease should be understood as part of a systemic disease, characterized for abnormal accumulation of fat in tissues other than the adipose tissue. This, in turn, produces dysfunction of those organs or tissues (process sometimes referred to as lipotoxicity). Therefore, due to the systemic nature of this condition, it should not surprise that NAFLD is closely related to other metabolic conditions. In this review, we will focus on the extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD and its metabolic and cardiovascular implications. We believe these are the most important issues primary care providers should understand, in order to effectively manage these complicated patients. In addition, we have provided a simple and straightforward approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with NAFLD and/or NASH. We hope this review will serve as a guide for primary care providers to approach their patients with NAFLD.Approximately, half a century has passed since the discovery of beta blockers. Then, their prime therapeutic purpose was to treat angina and cardiac arrhythmias, nowadays, beta blockers’ usage and effectiveness is extended to treat other cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Safety concerns were raised about beta blockers and their use for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with concurrent cardiovascular disease. After a thorough research of the literature, this review summarizes the evidence proving that beta blockers not only might be well tolerated in COPD patients, but they might also have a beneficial effect in this group of patients.

Renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical pathway involved in blood pressure regulation. Octapeptide, angiotensin II (Ang aII), is biologically active compound of RAS pathway which mediates its action by binding to either angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) or angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Binding of Ang II to AT1R facilitates blood pressure regulation whereas AT2R is primarily involved in wound healing and tissue remodelling.

Recent studies have highlighted additional role of AT2R to counter balance detrimental effects of AT1R. Activation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor using AT2R agonist has shown effect on natriuresis and release of nitric oxide. Additionally, AT2R activation has been found to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and enhance angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) activity. These findings highlight the potential of AT2R as novel therapeutic target against hypertension.

The potential role of AT2R highlights the importance of exploring additional mechanisms that might be crucial for AT2R expression. Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modification have been explored vastly with relation to cancer but role of such mechanisms on expression of AT2R has recently gained interest.

The potential role of AT2R highlights the importance of exploring additional mechanisms that might be crucial for AT2R expression. Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modification have been explored vastly with relation to cancer but role of such mechanisms on expression of AT2R has recently gained interest.In this study, the dosage regimen establishment of cyadox nanosuspension against dairy cow mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was used as example to provide a general reference for the other novel nanocrystal prepa-rations. The effect of cyadox against S. aureus isolates from dairy cows were firstly estimated and then the dosing regimen of nanosuspension after intramammary administration was optimized according to the model of ex vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD). The therapeutic efficacy of the predicted dosage regimen was evaluated. The results demonstrated that cyadox has a concentration-dependent effect on S. aureus. The smallest and highest values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against 80 isolates was 8 and 64 μg/mL, respectively. The corresponding MIC50 and MIC90 was 16 and 32 μg/mL, respectively. The MIC against the pathogenic S. aureus SAHZ156001 in broth and milk were 16 and 32 μg/mL, respectively. The AUC0-last and Cmax of cyadox in milk were 4442.877 μg*h/mL and 753.052 μg/mL, respective-ly. According to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax modeling and dosage equation, the daily doses were predicted 1.6, 6.6, and 12.2 mL/gland to achieve bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination effects. The dosage internal was daily administration for continuous three days. The clinical experiment showed that the efficient rates were 100, 100, and 90.9%, and the curative rates were 100, 81.8, and 63.6% in 12.2, 6.6 and 1.6 ml/gland groups, respectively. These results showed that cyadox nano-suspension had a good prospect as intramammary infusion to cure dairy cow mastitis infected by S. aureus. This study will be helpful for providing reference for nanocrystal preparation dosage regimen formulation.