To compare with RAPId, we used VN_AQId index of the Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA). Comparison results show that both indices do not encounter eclipsing effect. However, ambiguous effect occurred in the case of VN_AQId index (warning not suitable for reality in some cases). In addition, advantages and limitations of these two methods have been analyzed and explained in detail.Purpose The Wingate anaerobic test measures the maximum anaerobic capacity of the lower limbs. The energy sources of Wingate test are dominated by anaerobic metabolism (~ 80%). Chronic high altitude exposure induces adaptations on skeletal muscle function and metabolism. Therefore, the study aim was to investigate possible changes in the energy system contribution to Wingate test before and after a high-altitude sojourn. Methods Seven male climbers performed a Wingate test before and after a 43-day expedition in the Himalaya (23 days above 5.000 m). Mechanical parameters included peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP) and fatigue index (FI). The metabolic equivalents were calculated as aerobic contribution from O2 uptake during the 30-s exercise phase (WVO2), lactic and alactic anaerobic energy sources were determined from net lactate production (WLa) and the fast component of the kinetics of post-exercise oxygen uptake (WPCr), respectively. The total metabolic work (WTOT) was calculated as the sum of the three energy sources. Results PP and AP decreased from 7.3 ± 1.1 to 6.7 ± 1.1 W/kg and from 5.9 ± 0.7 to 5.4 ± 0.8 W/kg, respectively, while FI was unchanged. WTOT declined from 103.9 ± 28.7 to 83.8 ± 17.8 kJ. Relative aerobic contribution remained unchanged (19.9 ± 4.8% vs 18.3 ± 2.3%), while anaerobic lactic and alactic contributions decreased from 48.3 ± 11.7 to 43.1 ± 8.9% and increased from 31.8 ± 14.5 to 38.6 ± 7.4%, respectively. Conclusion Chronic high altitude exposure induced a reduction in both mechanical and metabolic parameters of Wingate test. The anaerobic alactic relative contribution increased while the anaerobic lactic decreased, leaving unaffected the overall relative anaerobic contribution to Wingate test.Purpose This study investigated whether muscle cooling and its associated effects on skeletal muscle oxidative responses, blood gases, and hormonal concentrations influenced energy metabolism during cycling. Methods Twelve healthy participants (Males seven; Females five) performed two steady-state exercise sessions at 70% of ventilatory threshold on a cycle ergometer. Participants completed one session with pre-exercise leg cooling until muscle temperature (Tm) decreased by 6 °C (LCO), and a separate session without cooling (CON). They exercised until Tm returned to baseline and for an additional 30 min. Cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, hemodynamic variables, and skeletal muscle tissue oxidative responses were assessed continuously. Venous blood samples were collected to assess blood gases, and hormones. Results Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output all increased across time but were not different between conditions. V̇O2 was greater in LCO when muscle temperature was restored until the end of exercise (p less then 0.05). Cycling in the LCO condition induced lower oxygen availability, tissue oxygenation, blood pH, sO2%, and pO2 (p less then 0.05). Insulin concentrations were also higher in LCO vs. CON (p less then 0.05). Importantly, stoichiometric equations from respiratory gases indicated no differences in fat and CHO oxidation between conditions. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that despite muscle cooling and the associated oxidative and biochemical changes, energy metabolism remained unaltered during cycling. Whether lower local and systemic oxygen availability is counteracted via a cold-induced activation of lipid metabolism pathways needs to be further investigated.Purpose Prolonged weightlessness exposure generates cardiovascular deconditioning, with potential implications on ECG circadian rhythms. Head-down (- 6°) tilt (HDT) bed rest is a ground-based analogue model for simulating the effects of reduced motor activity and fluids redistribution occurring during spaceflight. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of 60-day HDT on the circadianity of RR and ventricular repolarization (QTend) intervals extracted from 24-h Holter ECG recordings, scheduled 9 days before HDT (BDC-9), the 5th (HDT5), 21st (HDT21) and 58th (HDT58) day of HDT, the 1st (R + 0) and 8th (R + 7) day after HDT. Also, the effectiveness of a nutritional countermeasure (CM) in mitigating the HDT-related changes was tested. Methods RR and QTend circadian rhythms were evaluated by Cosinor analysis, resulting in maximum and minimum values, MESOR (a rhythm-adjusted mean), oscillation amplitude (OA, half variation within a night-day cycle), and acrophase (φ, the time at which the fitting sinusoid’s amplitude is maximal) values. Results RR and QTend MESOR increased at HDT5, and the OA was reduced along the HDT period, mainly due to the increase of the minima. At R + 0, QTend OA increased, particularly in the control group. The φ slightly anticipated during HDT and was delayed at R + 0. Conclusion 60-Day HDT affects the characteristics of cardiac circadian rhythm by altering the physiological daily cycle of RR and QTend intervals. Scheduled day-night cycle and feeding time were maintained during the experiment, thus inferring the role of changes in the gravitational stimulus to determine these variations. The applied nutritional countermeasure did not show effectiveness in preventing such changes.Solid organ transplantation is frequently carried out in this society. Under these circumstances the basic principles are altruistic organ donation and abidance by the law, which are regulated by the German Transplantation Act and by directives of the Federal Medical Council from which process instructions of the German Organ Transplantation Foundation are derived. The organ allocation is carried out by the Eurotransplant International Foundation (ET) located in Leiden, the Netherlands. Organ procurement is an essential component of the process of organ donation. This article highlights the procedure for harvesting of abdominal organs and also nonsurgical issues in the process of organ donation.Luminescence-based oxygen sensing is a widely used tool in cell culture applications. In a typical configuration, the luminescent oxygen indicators are embedded in a solid, oxygen-permeable matrix in contact with the culture medium. However, in sensitive cell cultures even minimal leaching of the potentially cytotoxic indicators can become an issue. One way to prevent the leaching is to immobilize the indicators covalently into the supporting matrix. In this paper, we report on a method where platinum(II)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorphenyl)-porphyrin (PtTFPP) oxygen indicators are covalently immobilized into a polymer matrix consisting of polystyrene and poly(pentafluorostyrene). We study how the covalent immobilization influences the sensing material’s cytotoxicity to human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (hiPSC-derived) neurons and cardiomyocytes (CMs) through 7-13 days culturing experiments and various viability analyses. Furthermore, we study the effect of the covalent immobilization on the indicator leaching and the oxygen sensing properties of the material. In addition, we demonstrate the use of the covalently linked oxygen sensing material in real time oxygen tension monitoring in functional hypoxia studies of the hiPSC-derived CMs. The results show that the covalently immobilized indicators substantially reduce indicator leaching and the cytotoxicity of the oxygen sensing material, while the influence on the oxygen sensing properties remains small or nonexistent.The outbreak of a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19), has raised health concerns for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who are commonly on long-term immunotherapies. Managing MS during the pandemic remains challenging with little published experience and no evidence-based guidelines. We present five teriflunomide-treated patients with MS who subsequently developed active COVID-19 infection. The patients continued teriflunomide therapy and had self-limiting infection, without relapse of their MS. These observations have implications for the management of MS in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic.Introduction The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the most serious pandemics of the recent times. Since this pandemic began, there have been numerous reports about the COVID-19 involvement of the nervous system. There have been reports of both direct and indirect involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system by the virus. Objective To review the neuropsychiatric manifestations along with corresponding pathophysiologic mechanisms of nervous system involvement by the COVID-19. Background Since the beginning of the disease in humans in the later part of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the world with over 2,719,000 reported cases in over 200 countries [World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report-96.,]. While patients typically present with fever, shortness of breath, sore throat, and cough, neurologic manifestations have been reported, as well. These include the ones with both direct and indirect involvement of the nervous system. The reported manifestations include anosmia, ageusia, central respiratory failure, stroke, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, toxic-metabolic encephalopathy, headache, myalgia, myelitis, ataxia, and various neuropsychiatric manifestations. These data were derived from the published clinical data in various journals and case reports. Conclusion The neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 are varied and the data about this continue to evolve as the pandemic continues to progress.Background and purpose Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that mechanical thrombectomy (MT) could provide more benefit than standard medical care for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients due to emergent large vessel occlusion. However, most primary stroke centers (PSCs) are unable to perform MT, and MT can only be performed in comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) with on-site interventional neuroradiologic services. Therefore, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether patients with suspected AIS should be directly admitted to CSCs or secondarily transferred to CSCs from PSCs. This meta-analysis was aimed to investigate the two transportation paradigms of direct admission and secondary transfer, which one could provide more benefit for AIS patients treated with MT. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis through searching PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library database up to March 2020. Primary outcomes are as follows symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) within 7 days; However, more large-scale randomized prospective trials are required to further investigate this issue.Objective Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) have been suggested as biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of Menière’s disease (MD) and vestibular migraine (VM). The aim of this study was to compare the degree of asymmetry for ocular (o) and cervical (c) VEMPs in large cohorts of patients with MD and VM and to follow up the responses. Study design Retrospective study in an interdisciplinary tertiary center for vertigo and balance disorders. Methods cVEMPs to air-conducted sound and oVEMPs to bone-conducted vibration were recorded in 100 patients with VM and unilateral MD, respectively. Outcome parameters were asymmetry ratios (ARs) of oVEMP n10p15 and cVEMP p13n23 amplitudes, and of the respective latencies (mean ± SD). Results The AR of cVEMP p13n23 amplitudes was significantly higher for MD (0.43 ± 0.34) than for VM (0.26 ± 0.24; adjusted p = 0.0002). MD-but not VM-patients displayed a higher AR for cVEMP than for oVEMP amplitudes (MD 0.43 ± 0.34 versus 0.23 ± 0.22, p less then 0.0001; VM 0.