The flow experience in sports is a construct of great interest to recreational and competitive athletes, coaches, and psychologists in pursuit of optimal performance. As there are no validated instruments for evaluating flow in the Brazilian Portuguese language, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Flow State Scale (FSS-2) through three steps. Initially, four translators and five sports psychology specialists adapted the FSS-2 content for the Brazilian Portuguese language. Second, 371 athletes of both sexes who were engaged in group and individual sport modalities and who participated in national university sports competitions from 24 states responded to the adapted version of the FSS-2. Third, an independent sample of 34 athletes from Paraná responded to both the adapted FSS-2 and the dispositional flow scale (DFS-2) to permit analysis of the external validity and temporal stability of the adapted FSS-2. We found that the Brazilian version of the FSS-2 contains clear and pertinent items with a good content validity coefficient (CVC = 0.94) and satisfactory internal consistency (α > 0.88/CC > 0.80). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the adapted 36-item model presented adequate fit [X2 (558) = 1258.85; X2/df = 2.256; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.92; non-normed fit index (NNFI) = 0.90; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.91; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06 (0.05-0.06); (RMSEA 0.344) and temporal stability (0.53 less then intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) less then 0.86) were satisfactory. We conclude that the Brazilian version of FSS-2 is adequate to evaluate flow states experienced by Brazilian athletes following a sports competition.Grit, a positive psychological trait comprised of perseverance and passion, has been correlated with physician burnout but has not been extensively studied among medical students. Identification of the relationship between grit and burnout as well as between burnout and other demographics could help to identify students at risk of burnout, while informing educational strategies to increase grit in the medical occupation. For this cross-sectional study, an online, email-based survey including demographic questions, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services (Medical Personnel) Survey, and the Short Grit Scale was distributed to an entire student body of allopathic medical students via a schoolwide listserv in 2019. The response rate was 39.6% (177/444). Negative correlations were displayed between grit and emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and overall burnout. Positive correlation was demonstrated between grit and personal accomplishment. Male participants had higher depersonalization than female participants and fourth year medical students had higher depersonalization than other years of training. Fourth year medical students had higher personal accomplishment than other years of training and married students had higher personal accomplishment than those who had never been married. These findings are important not only for potential identification of students at risk of burnout, but also for development of strategies to bolster grit and mitigate distressing experiences in the medical occupation. Future studies are necessary to gauge how this relationship may evolve throughout a medical career.The aim of this study is to generate and investigate biodegradable and biocompatible zein and zein/nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone defect healing. 3D zein scaffold was successfully fabricated using the salt-leaching method and incorporated with 12.5 wt% nHA for osteogenic differentiation of murine myoblast cell line (C2C12 cells). The scaffolds were subjected to physicochemical and biomechanical characterizations using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), biodegradation, porosity, mechanical tests. C2C12 cells were cultured on scaffolds and incubated for 21 days. Cell proliferation was detected by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to test the expression of osteoblastic-related genes including Runx2, ALP, and Col1A1. The scaffolds had an adequate mean pore size and a total porosity of 61.1%-70.6%. The addition of 12.5 wt% nHA to the zein scaffold increased the compressive modulus to 79.1 MPa and the ultimate strength to 2.7 MPa. The qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that mRNA transcript levels were significantly higher (p  less then  0.05) on the zein/nHA than on the pure zein scaffold. The results suggested that the developed scaffolds could be a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering due to their promising osteoinductivity, surface topography, mechanical behavior, biodegradability.There are several problems concerning the statistical definition of average bioequivalence provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We proposed a ratio of means based on the original bioavailability measure as the definition for average bioequivalence. Under the log-normal distribution assumption, we proposed a hypothesis testing-based method and a confidence interval-based method to answer the question of whether the ratio of means falls into a predetermined interval. For the hypothesis testing-based method, we decomposed the null two-sided hypothesis of the ratio of means into two one-sided hypotheses. With the intersection-union theorem for asymptotic tests, we constructed two asymptotic size-α tests for the original null hypothesis. The method of variance estimation recovery was adopted to develop the confidence interval-based method. Simulation studies showed that the proposed methods can maintain the empirical type I error rate closely at the nominal level and is as powerful as the two one-sided t-test for testing the ratio of means under different settings. The application of the proposed methods was illustrated through six datasets in real-world examples.We outline three attempts to replicate experiments that reported priming effects on time preferences measured by delay discounting. Experiment 1 tested the claim that images of poverty prime impulsive choice in people from less affluent backgrounds compared with people from more affluent backgrounds. Experiment 2 tested the claim that mortality salience-thinking about death-primes people to place more value on the future than people who thought about dental surgery. Experiment 3 tested the claim that an episodic foresight manipulation primes greater discounting than no episodic foresight. Experiments 1 and 2 failed to replicate the effects of priming on discount rates. Experiment 3 was a successful and very close replication of the effect of episodic foresight on discount rates.Often patients may require treatment on multiple occasions. The re-randomisation design can be used in such multi-episode settings, as it allows patients to be re-enrolled and re-randomised for each new treatment episode they experience. We propose a set of estimands that can be used in multi-episode settings, focusing on issues unique to multi-episode settings, namely how each episode should be weighted, how the patient’s treatment history in previous episodes should be handled, and whether episode-specific effects or average effects across all episodes should be used. We then propose independence estimators for each estimand, and show the manner in which many re-randomisation trials have been analysed in the past (a simple comparison between all intervention episodes vs. all control episodes) corresponds to a per-episode added-benefit estimand, that is, the average effect of the intervention across all episodes, over and above any benefit conferred from the intervention in previous episodes. We show this estimator is generally unbiased, and describe when other estimators will be unbiased. We conclude that (i) consideration of these estimands can help guide the choice of which analysis method is most appropriate; and (ii) the re-randomisation design with an independence estimator can be a useful approach in multi-episode settings.Leisure participation is beneficial to various health outcomes. This study examined a comprehensive list of leisure activities in relation to incidence of cognitive impairment among healthy older adults (65+) in China. Using data from the 2002 to 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, we found that most of the leisure activities were protective of cognitive decline and three leisure activities (watching TV, doing housework, and playing cards/mah-jong) stood out as the most important ones. Additionally, our results revealed subgroup variations in the association between leisure participation and cognitive function Leisure activities such as reading newspapers/books (not significant for the illiterate), gardening (not significant for the illiterate), and regular exercise (not significant for the rural residents) had different effects across different demographic social groups. Our findings suggest that intervention programs designed to prevent cognitive decline for older adults should consider subgroup and cultural variations in order to yield the best outcomes.

There are several forms of relevant epi-aortic branching anomalies, and perhaps that is why different views as to the best approach have been reported. To help resolve this dilemma, we examined the unforeseen arch anomalies found at thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia and the outcomes.

In a retrospective cohort, all consecutive patients who were thoracoscopically approached for esophageal atresia over a 5-year period with unforeseen aortic/epi-aortic branching were identified and grouped. Thoracoscopic views, operative interventions, and outcomes were studied.

A total of 121 neonates were thoracoscopically approached for EA, of whom 18 cases with aberrant aortic architecture were selected. Four (3%) cases were diagnosed on a preoperative echocardiography as a right-sided aortic arch, whereas unforeseen anomalous anatomies were reported in 14 cases (11.6%) left aortic arch with an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) (n = 10), right-sided aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery (ALSh the right arch due to the significant existence of vascular rings.Prevascularization of tissue equivalents is critical for fulfilling the need for sufficient vascular organization for nutrient and gas transport. Hence, endothelial cell culture on biomaterials is of great importance for researchers. Numerous alternate strategies have been suggested in this sense, with cell-based methods being the most commonly employed. In this study, poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) elastomers with varying crosslinking ratios were synthesized and their surfaces were patterned with channels by using laser ablation technique. In order to determine an ideal material for cell culture studies, the elastomers were subsequently mechanically, chemically, and biologically characterized. Following that, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded into the channels established on the PGS membranes and cultured under various culture conditions to establish the optimal culture parameters. Lastly, the endothelial cell responses to the synthesized PGS elastomers were evaluated. Remarkable cell proliferation and impressive cellular organizations were noticed on the constructs created as part of the investigation.