In response, families rearranged roles to generate income. Large-scale worksite raids result in similar harms to mixed-status families as other enforcement tactics but on a much larger scale. They also uniquely drain community resources, with long-term impacts. Advocacy and policy efforts are needed to mitigate damage and end this practice.Health inequalities are characterized by spatial patterns of social, economic, and political factors. Life expectancy (LE) is a commonly used indicator of overall population health and health inequalities that allows for comparison across different spatial and temporal regions. The objective of this study was to examine geographic inequalities in LE across North Carolina census tracts by comparing the performance of 2 popular geospatial health indices Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) and the Index of Concentration at Extremes (ICE). A principal components analysis (PCA) was used to address multicollinearity among variables and aggregate data into components to examine SDoH, while the ICE was constructed using the simple subtraction of geospatial variables. Spatial regression models were employed to compare both indices in relation to LE to evaluate their predictability for population health. For individual SDoH and ICE components, poverty and income had the strongest positive correlation with LE. However, the common spatial techniques of adding PCA components together for a final SDoH aggregate measure resulted in a poor relationship with LE. Results indicated that both metrics can be used to determine spatial patterns of inequities in LE and that the ICE metric has similar success to the more computationally complex SDoH metric. Public health practitioners may find the ICE metric’s high predictability matched with lower data requirements to be more feasible to implement in population health monitoring.Research indicates that engagement in physical activity is advantageous to adolescents’ overall health. One subset of the population that is not provided with ample opportunities to be physically active includes incarcerated youth. To date, sport leadership programs have been designed to target this population; yet, little is known about physical activity opportunities for participants. The purpose of this study was to explore physical activity during a sport leadership program within a juvenile detention center. The participants were 27 incarcerated male youth (Mage = 18.7 years), all of whom participated in a sport leadership program. Physical activity was assessed during 32 sessions using Yamax DigiWalker SW 701 pedometers. Youth who participated in the sport leadership program accumulated an average of 3232 steps per session, with average standard deviation of 1245.5. As youth attended more sessions, overall physical activity levels during programming increased with a drastic reduction in variance among participants. This study is the first to closely examine and provide insights into youths’ physical activity trends across programming and demonstrates a noticeable uptrend in activity and deceleration of variability among participants. Findings suggest that participation in a structured sport leadership program within juvenile detention centers can provide participants a critical opportunity to engage in physical activity.African American men are at a greater risk for contracting HIV infection, and geography may play an important role in the spread of the virus. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the readiness of rural African American men to participate in a barbershop-based HIV prevention program. A paper-and-pencil survey was administered to rural African American male barbershop attendees to assess their readiness for barbershop-based HIV prevention programs. The results suggested that participants were amenable to this form of programming in the barbershop setting. There was no significance detected by demographic variables in readiness for barbershop-based HIV prevention programs. The results of the study give health education specialists and other public health practitioners insight into ways to effectively research, communicate to, and develop culturally appropriate programming for this priority population in a setting in which they are more likely to frequent.This research assessed social determinants of contraceptive use among a nationally representative sample of adolescents. This study analyzed nationally representative, publicly available data from the 2013-2015 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). The sample consisted of sexually active males and females between the ages of 15 and 19 (n = 775). Independent variables were social determinant questions asked on the NSFG, selected based on the Healthy People Social Determinants of Health Framework. We tested associations between adolescents’ social determinants of health and 2 outcomes, use of any contraceptive at last sex, and effectiveness level of contraceptive method at last sex. Results indicated high contraceptive use at last intercourse (91.5%) and a significant association between any use of contraceptive and family structure (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-4.03), employment (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.06-3.77), and education (AOR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.06-11.13). Few participants reported use of a highly effective method of pregnancy prevention (4.3%). In regression analyses, access to health care (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.14-0.84) and language and literacy (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.03-8.26) were found to be associated with using moderately effective contraceptive method to prevent pregnancy compared with not using any method. Although adolescents report overall high rates of contraceptive use, not all contraceptives have the same rates of effectiveness, and adolescents are often choosing those with lower effectiveness. This study found low rates of highly effective contraceptives to prevent pregnancy use (ie, intrauterine device and implant). It is also important to further explore the associations between family structure (measured in this study as intact childhood family) and distal links to contraceptive use. Future research should also further distinguish pathways to adolescent decision-making to use contraceptive methods to protect against STIs and pregnancy.

We aimed to determine whether women with HIV (WWH) and cervical cancer were more likely to experience cancer-related death and to be diagnosed with cervical cancer at a younger age and in more advanced stages.

This is a retrospective cohort study of all women diagnosed with cervical cancer in South Carolina from 1998 to 2018. Deidentified data were obtained from 2 statewide databases. A survival analysis was performed to evaluate differences in cancer survival between women with and without HIV. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to determine differences in the median age at cancer diagnosis. χ2 test was used to assess differences in cancer stage according to HIV status.

Four thousand three hundred fourteen women were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 53 (1.2%) had HIV infection. Survival time in months was similar between WWH and HIV-negative women (86 months [interquartile range IQR = 32-146] and 62 months [IQR = 18-153], p = .37; log-rank p = .26). Compared with HIV-negative women, WWH were less likely to experience cervical cancer-related death (36% vs. 19%, p = .005). Women with HIV were diagnosed with cervical cancer at a younger age (44 [IQR = 37-54] vs. 49 [IQR = 39-61], p = .02). Cervical cancer stage was similar at diagnosis between groups (tumor node metastasis stage, p = .97, and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results summary stage, p = .41).

Women with HIV were younger at diagnosis than HIV-negative women, but they were no more likely to die from or have more advanced cervical cancer. Women with HIV were not more likely to develop cervical cancer before the age of 21 years and earlier screening is likely unnecessary.

Women with HIV were younger at diagnosis than HIV-negative women, but they were no more likely to die from or have more advanced cervical cancer. Women with HIV were not more likely to develop cervical cancer before the age of 21 years and earlier screening is likely unnecessary.

Autosomal dominant Müller cell dystrophy is a rare condition we described in 1991. It is characterized by a striking sheen appearance on the retinal surface with progressive retinal changes leading to disorganization and atrophy with a decreased b-wave electroretinograms.

We examined 45 members of a 4-generation family. Fifteen subjects from three generations were found with the disease, without gender predilection. Seven patients underwent ophthalmic examination including fundus examination, intravenous fluorescein angiogram, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and electroretinogram. Six patients have a 30-year follow-up. Histopathology examination was performed on eyes of the eldest patient. Whole exome sequencing was done in four affected subjects.

Findings include a decreased visual acuity, abnormal cellophane-like sheen of the vitreoretinal interface, a „plush” nerve fiber layer, and characteristic macular changes. Electroretinogram showed a selective b-wave diminution. Intravenous fluoreomal dominant Müller cell dystrophy is a distinct retinal dystrophy affecting Müller cells. Mutations in transthyretin gene may manifest as a predominantly retinal disorder.

To analyze the clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and risk factors associated with visual outcomes in patients with abusive head trauma (AHT).

We retrospectively reviewed surgical outcomes of patients with AHT who underwent vitrectomy from 2001 to 2019. The patients’ demographics, comprehensive preoperative and postoperative ocular findings, surgical treatments, visual outcomes, and postoperative complications in the medical records were reviewed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify the prognostic factors associated with visual outcomes.

Fourteen children (18 eyes) diagnosed with AHT who underwent vitrectomy were evaluated. The most common surgical indication was vitreous hemorrhage (n = 6, 33%). Retinal attachment at the final visit was noted in 17 eyes (94%). Thirteen eyes (72%) had a best-corrected visual acuity less than 20/200 after vitrectomy. In the multivariable analysis, optic nerve atrophy (n = 9, 50%) was significantly associated with a poor visual prognosis (final best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/200) after vitrectomy in children with AHT (95% confidence interval, 1.041-517.963, P = 0.0471).

The general visual prognosis was poor for patients with AHT needing vitrectomy, although a high rate of retinal attachment was observed. Optic nerve atrophy is a prognostic factor for poor visual outcomes in patients with AHT who received ophthalmic surgery.

The general visual prognosis was poor for patients with AHT needing vitrectomy, although a high rate of retinal attachment was observed. Optic nerve atrophy is a prognostic factor for poor visual outcomes in patients with AHT who received ophthalmic surgery.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tear development after treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography.

This prospective study included 152 treatment-naïve eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration without high myopia that were followed up for 1 year after treatment. Eligible eyes were classified into eyes with or without RPE tear development. They were matched in a 12 ratio. The areas of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and RPE detachment (pigment epithelial detachment [PED]) were measured from optical coherence tomography angiography and OCT en face images, respectively. The optical coherence tomography angiography-specific parameters representing CNV status were analyzed.

Eight (5.3%) of the 152 eyes developed RPE tears (RPE tear group). After matching, 16 eyes without RPE tears were analyzed (non-RPE tear group). The ratio of the CNV/PED area was lower in the RPE tear group than that in the non-RPE tear group (P = 0.