For example, in a patient with a 2-cm VS, every additional degree in PMA, PCA, and PPA increases the odds of GTR/NTR by 2.3% (P = .0000571), 4.05% (P = .0000397), and 0.37% (P = .0000438), respectively. After adjusting for tumor size, sex, and age, the effect of PMA on the occurrence of an immediate postoperative facial nerve deficit and CSF leak indicated a trend towards significance (P = .0581 and P = .0568, respectively). CONCLUSION More obtuse petrous bone angles, namely PMA, PCA, and PPA, are good predictors of GTR or NTR in patients undergoing VS surgery via TLA and may be associated with better facial nerve outcomes and lower CSF leak occurrences. Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) germ cell tumors (GCT) are rare and complex pediatric neoplasms, the optimal management of which remains an area of active investigation. OBJECTIVE To present an updated cohort study, with particular attention to novel diagnostic methods and posttreatment clinical phenotypes. METHODS A single-institution cohort study of 80 primary, neurosurgically managed, CNS GCTs was conducted at Mayo Clinic, 1988-2017. RESULTS Postchemotherapy resection (eg, second-look surgery) was frequently required (27.0%), especially after adjuvant therapies for nongerminomatous GCTs (NGGCTs; 14 of 28 cases, excluding mature teratoma) and significantly associated with pineal lesions, as compared to neurohypophyseal or bifocal lesions (43.6% vs 5.9% vs 6.7%, P = .004), a finding that retained statistical significance after adjusting for index extent of resection and histology (P = .04). Essentially every NGGCT case underwent at least 1 craniotomy, either on presentation, as second-look surgery, or following local recurrence. Mature teratomatous tissue was highly incident in second-look specimens (84.2%), even among lesions initially diagnosed as germinomas. Pretreatment cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell fraction analysis demonstrated an association between single lesions and neutrophil predominance, whereas nongerminomatous GCTs were associated with increased monocyte fractions. CONCLUSION CNS GCTs are clinically heterogeneous lesions, resulting in numerous opportunities for improved understanding and clinical management via novel diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Samples from second-look surgeries for recurrent germinomas frequently demonstrate teratomatous tissue, suggesting possible underdiagnosis of mixed GCTs-particularly among pineal lesions. GCT subtypes demonstrate differential cell fraction distributions on CSF analysis, a novel and perhaps diagnostically helpful finding that requires validation in external cohorts. Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.Currently, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported in almost all countries globally, and no effective therapy has been documented for COVID-19 and the role of convalescent plasma therapy is unknown. In current study, 6 COVID-19 subjects with respiratory failure received convalescent plasma at a median of 21.5 days after first detection of viral shedding, all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by 3 days after infusion, and 5 died eventually. In conclusion, convalescent plasma treatment can discontinue SARS-CoV-2 shedding but cannot reduce mortality in critically end-stage COVID-19 patients, and treatment should be initiated earlier. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) cysts are common incidental findings on imaging studies. However, they may rarely present with symptoms related to the obstruction of the foramen of Monro by the cyst leaflets. There is no consensus regarding the management of symptomatic CSP and CV cysts. We present an original transcavum interforniceal endoscopic fenestration technique. The step-by-step surgical procedure and two illustrative cases are presented. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 31-yr-old male and a 24-yr-old woman presented with symptomatic CSP and CV cysts. For both patients, neuronavigation was used to plan the procedure. An endoscope was introduced into the cyst through a right frontal burr-hole. After an examination of the endoscopic anatomy, a communication between the cyst and the third ventricle was performed using an endoscopic forceps. In both cases, directly after the fenestration, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) passed through the communication, and the collapse of the cyst was appreciated. Symptoms were relieved in both patients, and neuropsychological assessment improved. Postoperative imaging showed a reduction in the cyst bulge, and patent foramen of Monro. CONCLUSION Endoscopic fenestration of CSP and CV cysts to the third ventricle through an interforniceal navigated approach is a feasible and efficient surgical procedure. Theoretical advantages include a single tract through noneloquent brain, a perpendicular trajectory to the membrane for fenestration, and a large CSF space beyond the fenestration point. Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.Revascularization techniques for microsurgical manage-ment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation aneurysms are often necessary for treatment of fusiform or giant aneurysms. Augmentation of the standard pterional approach to include an extended orbitozygomatic or modified orbitozygomatic approach provides a wider and more favorable approach to the MCA when attempting revascularization. Direct excision of a giant aneurysm (aneurysmectomy) with mobilization and reanastomosis of the MCA afterward has been reported. This patient had a giant MCA bifurcation aneurysm for which aneurysmectomy and distal reanastomosis were performed between the M1 and two M2 branches via a modified orbitozygomatic craniotomy. A second bypass between a third M2 branch at the ipsilateral superficial temporal artery was performed. Postoperative angiography confirmed patency of the bypasses. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona. Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.STUDY QUESTION Does ovarian stimulation affect embryo euploidy rates or live birth rates (LBRs) after transfer of euploid embryos? SUMMARY ANSWER Euploidy rates and LBRs after transfer of euploid embryos are not significantly influenced by gonadotropin dosage, duration of ovarian stimulation, estradiol level, follicle size at ovulation trigger or number of oocytes retrieved, regardless of a woman’s age. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Aneuploidy rates increase steadily with age, reaching >80% in women >42 years old. The goal of ovarian stimulation is to overcome this high aneuploidy rate through the recruitment of several follicles, which increases the likelihood of obtaining a euploid embryo that results in a healthy conceptus. However, several studies have suggested that a high response to stimulation might be embryotoxic and/or increase aneuploidy rates by enhancing abnormal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. Furthermore, a recent study demonstrated a remarkable difference in euploidy rates, ranging from 39.dy may help to prove the generalisability of our single-centre data. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings reassure providers and patients that gonadotropin dosage, duration of ovarian stimulation, estradiol level, follicle size at ovulation trigger and number of oocytes retrieved, within certain ranges, do not appear to significantly influence euploidy rates or LBRs, regardless of the woman’s age. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No external funding was received and there are no competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Protein glycosylation represents a nearly ubiquitous post-translational modification, and altered glycosylation can result in clinically significant pathological consequences. Here we focus on O-glycosylation in tumor cells of mice and humans. O-glycans are those linked to serine and threonine (Ser/Thr) residues via N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), which are oligosaccharides that occur widely in glycoproteins, such as those expressed on the surfaces and in secretions of all cell types. The structure and expression of O-glycans are dependent on the cell type and disease state of the cells. There is a great interest in O-glycosylation of tumor cells, as they typically express many altered types of O-glycans compared with untransformed cells. Such altered expression of glycans, quantitatively and/or qualitatively on different glycoproteins, is used as circulating tumor biomarkers, such as CA19-9 and CA-125. Other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), such as the Tn antigen and sialyl-Tn antigen (STn), are truncated O-glycans commonly expressed by carcinomas on multiple glycoproteins; they contribute to tumor development and serve as potential biomarkers for tumor presence and stage, both in immunohistochemistry and in serum diagnostics. Here we discuss O-glycosylation in murine and human cells with a focus on colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers, centering on the structure, function and recognition of O-glycans. There are enormous opportunities to exploit our knowledge of O-glycosylation in tumor cells to develop new diagnostics and therapeutics. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.Coronavirus are the causative agents in many globally concerning respiratory disease outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). It is therefore important that we improve our understanding of how the molecular components of the virus facilitate the viral life cycle. These details will allow for the design of effective interventions. Krichel and coauthors in their article in the Biochemical Journal provide molecular details of how the viral polyprotein (nsp7-10) produced from the positive single stranded RNA genome, is cleaved to form proteins that are part of the replication/transcription complex. The authors highlight the impact the polyprotein conformation has on the cleavage efficiency of the main protease (Mpro) and hence the order of release of non-structural proteins 7-10 (nsp7-10) of the SARS-CoV. Cleavage order is important in controlling viral processes and seems to have relevance in terms of the protein-protein complexes formed. The authors made use of mass spectrometry to advance our understanding of the mechanism by which coronaviruses control nsp 7, 8, 9 and 10 production in the virus life cycle. © 2020 The Author(s).BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is conferred by DNA gyrase mutations, but not all fluoroquinolone-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates have mutations detected. The optimal allele frequency threshold to identify resistance-conferring mutations by whole-genome sequencing is unknown. METHODS Phenotypically ofloxacin-resistant and lineage-matched ofloxacin-susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing at an average coverage depth of 868 reads. Polymorphisms within the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and gyrB were identified. The allele frequency threshold using the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) pipeline was ~8%; allele-level data identified the predominant variant allele frequency and mutational burden (i.e., sum of all variant allele frequencies in the QRDR) in gyrA, gyrB, and gyrA + gyrB for each isolate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves assessed the optimal measure of allele frequency and potential thresholds for identifying phenotypically- resistant isolates.