022 and 0.002, respectively) and cylindrical components (all P < 0.001). There was an agreement between retinoscopy and autorefractometry in measuring spherical (bias 0.09 ± 0.16D; limit of agreement, LoA -0.40 to 0.22D) and cylindrical power (bias -0.18 ± 0.20D; LoA -0.57 to 0.21D). Subjective refraction agreed with cycloplegic retinoscopy for determining SE power (bias 0.11D; LoA -0.51 to 0.73D).

Retinoscopy and autorefractometry can be used interchangeably in children for determining the power of spherical and cylindrical components. Cycloplegic retinoscopy is better than autorefractometry to obtain SE reference values for subjective refraction in children.

Retinoscopy and autorefractometry can be used interchangeably in children for determining the power of spherical and cylindrical components. Cycloplegic retinoscopy is better than autorefractometry to obtain SE reference values for subjective refraction in children.

Incomplete vaccination can put children at greater risk of acquiring vaccine-preventable diseases. In Ethiopia, vaccination coverage against vaccine-preventable diseases is still a significant and persistent public health challenge. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of incomplete childhood vaccination among children aged 12-23 months in Gindhir District, Southeast Ethiopia.

A community-based unmatched case-control design was employed among children aged 12-23 months from 1 to 28 February 2020. A total of 254 cases and 508 controls were included using the stratified random sampling technique. Cases included children aged 12-23 months who missed at least one dose of the routine vaccination, and controls were the children with complete vaccination with all required doses. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent factors for children’s incomplete vaccination status.

Of all assessed determinants, maternal knowledge about vaccination (AOR=0.50, 95% Cplete vaccination.

Physical and psychological workplace violence in health-care settings has serious implications for the health of workers, as well as a negative effect on productivity and health-care quality.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2018 among physicians and nurses using a convenience sample (n = 213) for the previous 12 months at a tertiary hospital in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that assessed their personal and professional characteristics, whether they had experienced physical violence (assault) or psychological violence as health-care practitioners, and whether they had reported the incidents.

Among the respondents, 57% had experienced psychological violence, 6% had experienced physical violence, and 37% had experienced both psychological and physical violence in the previous 12 months. Shiftwork and working in the inpatient department were associated with a significant increase in the risk of physical violence. However, these factors showed no difference with regard to psychological violence. Both physical and psychological violence had diverse causes, without any single predominant cause. Similarly, both forms of violence occurred in multiple departments. Many of the incidents were unreported (75% of incidents involving psychological violence and 39% involving physical violence).

Physical and psychological violence against health-care workers (HCWs) in the hospital under study was found to be very common. The results of this study suggest the need to develop and evaluate a violence prevention program to achieve quality health-care services.

Physical and psychological violence against health-care workers (HCWs) in the hospital under study was found to be very common. The results of this study suggest the need to develop and evaluate a violence prevention program to achieve quality health-care services.

To evaluate the results of operating an in-hospital coronavirus disease 2019 screening station on an outpatient basis and to identify the effectiveness and necessity of such a screening station.

This cross-sectional study included 1345 individuals who were tested for COVID-19 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at an in-hospital screening station on an outpatient basis. The subjects were healthcare workers (HCWs) with suspected COVID-19 symptoms or exposure to patients with confirmed COVID-19, caregivers at the hospital for complete enumeration, and patients who were scheduled to be admitted to a nonrestricted area in the hospital or to visit for outpatient treatment, but had suspected COVID-19 symptoms. The subjects were divided and compared as follows HCW versus non-HCW groups and RT-PCR positive versus negative groups.

A total of 140 had symptoms, 291 wanted to be tested, and 664 were asymptomatic but were screened. Seven subjects had positive results for COVID-19in the hospital effectively during an outbreak in the community.The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led many countries of the world to impose a series of containment measures such as lockdowns (mass quarantines), curfews or similar restrictions (eg, stay-at-home orders, or shelter-in-place orders). All these restrictions were established in order to limit spread of COVID-19. Thus, approximately 3.9 billion people worldwide were under lockdown by early April 2020. During this time (home confinement), some solutions have been proposed by experts to improve work and school productivity, including smart working and online school lessons. However, many of the restrictive measures are likely to act as predisposing factors for dry eye disease (DED), directly or related to sick building syndrome (SBS). Herein, we discuss the implications of quarantine measures on eye health, in particular on DED associated with SBS, and introduce some potential preventive strategies for lockdown-related ocular surface disorders. Several risk factors are implicated in their pathogenesis, including environmental changes (eg, air quality) and modifications in personal behaviors (eg, the abuse of digital devices, malnutrition, and sleep/psychiatric disorders). Considering a number of predisposing factors for DED, it is possible to state that patients under lockdown are at risk of ocular surface alterations. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic era is expected to determine an increase in dry eye patients all around the world (a new phenomenon that we propose to name the „quarantine dry eye”) in the event that the restrictive measures will be recursively extended over time.

There is a growing global interest in formulating such policies and strategic plans that help devise collaborative working models for community pharmacists (CPs) and general practitioners (GPs) in primary care settings.

To conceptualize a stakeholder-driven framework to improve collaboration between CPs and GPs in Malaysian primary care to effectively manage medicines in chronic diseases.

A qualitative study that involved individual semi-structured interviews of the leadership of various associations, guilds, and societies representing CPs, GPs, and Nurses in Malaysia.

This study collected and reported data in accordance with the guidelines of the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting of Qualitative Studies. Key informants were recruited based on purposive (expert) sampling. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data were coded based on the principles of thematic analysis in NVivo.

A total of 12 interviews (5 CPs, 5 GPs, and 2 nurses) were conducted. Five themes emerged Theme 1 highlighted a compard design and implementation of an effective regulatory mechanism whereby the Malaysian Ministry of Health may take a leading role.

The actionable insights obtained from the Malaysian stakeholders offered an outline of a framework to enhance collaboration between CPs and GPs in primary care. Generally, stakeholders were interested in CP-GP collaboration in primary care and identified many positive roles performed by CPs, including prescription review, adherence support, and patient education. The framework of the way forward includes separation of CP and GP roles through a holistic revision of relevant legislation to grant an active role to CPs in chronic care; definition of protocols for collaborative practices; incentivization of both stakeholders (CPs and GPs); and design and implementation of an effective regulatory mechanism whereby the Malaysian Ministry of Health may take a leading role.

The development of evidence-based guidelines on early pharmacotherapeutic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could be useful in Middle Eastern nations striving to improve outcomes in patients with this chronic, debilitating disease. Evidence obtained from local populations should inform such guidelines and therefore our aim was to use real-world data to evaluate the clinical responses of Iraqi patients with RA who received earlier or later treatment with the TNF inhibitor etanercept.

Data from patients registered in the Iraq National Center of Rheumatology database from May 2012 to December 2018, inclusive, were analyzed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, meeting the ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria for RA, referral for etanercept treatment, and ≥1 year of follow-up after etanercept initiation. Patients were excluded if they had received another biologic for RA. Included patients were categorized according to two separate stratifications whether duration of RA symptoms prior to etanercept cept had superior outcomes compared with those who received later treatment.

An abnormal patellar position has been proven to be associated with anterior knee pain and several other conditions that affect the patellofemoral joint. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of patella alta and patella baja and the applicability of the normal range of the Insall-Salvati ratio in the Vietnamese population.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine 455 Vietnamese subjects’ knees. The Insall-Salvati ratio-the ratio of patellar ligament length (LL) and patellar length (PL)-was measured using sagittal T1-weighted images.

The overall mean LL/PL ratio was 1.02 (standard deviation 0.15). No significant differences in the LL/PL ratio were observed between sexes. The frequencies of patella alta (Insall-Salvati ratio >1.32) and patella baja (Insall-Salvati ratio <0.72) were 0.9% and 2.4%, respectively.

The Insall-Salvati ratio is applicable to Vietnamese populations in which high flexion activities such as kneeling and sitting cross-legged are customary. According to our measurement, the normal range of the ratio among Vietnamese subjects was 0.72 to 1.32.

The Insall-Salvati ratio is applicable to Vietnamese populations in which high flexion activities such as kneeling and sitting cross-legged are customary. According to our measurement, the normal range of the ratio among Vietnamese subjects was 0.72 to 1.32.A high frequency of associated injuries is seen in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability. Comorbidities include intraarticular pathologies (osteochondral lesion, soft tissue or bony impingement syndrome, loose body, synovitis, etc.), peroneal tendon pathologies, neural injuries, and other extraarticular pathologies. Surgeons should have a high index of suspicion for these associated pathologies before operative intervention, correlate with clinical findings, and plan the treatment. Despite the restoration of ankle stability following ligament repair or reconstruction surgery, postoperative residual pain, which can negatively affect clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction, is highly prevalent (13-35%). The aim of this review was to discuss the causes of persistent pain after operative treatment for chronic lateral ankle instability.