The role of microbioal replacement therapies in diseases other than CDI is being extensively studied in ongoing clinical trials and it may be a potential treatment option for inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, multidrug resistant infections, and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Fecal microbiota transplantation for non-CDI disease states should currently be limited only to research settings. ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.Background Hypertonic and hypotonic conditions in pharmaceutical preparations decrease the drug’s absorption and bioavailability. In addition, it can cause tissue damage. There are several calculation methods to regulate hypotonic preparations. However, there are no methods that can be used to regulate hypertonic preparations without causing dose-dividing problem. Objective This study aimed to develop a new calculation using basic principle of freezing point depression method (cryoscopic) that can solve hypotonic and hypertonic problems, especially for hypertonic preparations through reducing the levels of additional ingredients. Methods The calculation of Kahar method was successfully obtained by substitution and simplification in the basic principle equation of cryoscopic method, and then evaluated by resolving the problems in 42 sterile formula preparations and compared with White-Vincent method, cryoscopic method, equivalent NaCl method, and milliequivalent method through the analysis of its similarity and reliability. Results The results of similarity analysis between Kahar method and other methods showed good similarity values with more than 0.880. Kahar method and cryoscopic method have the highest similarity of the calculation result with a similarity value of 1. The reliability analysis obtained very good result with Cronbach α = 0.990. Conclusions These results suggest that Kahar method provides reliable equation with complete and efficient solution to hypotonic and hypertonic problems. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.Context Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disease with very diverse developments. Corticosteroid is mostly used for the treatment of SLE as antiinflammatory and immunosuppressant, but its long-term use and high dose can cause the side effects such as Cushing habitus. Aim Analyze the risk factors of Cushing habitus occurrence in patients with SLE comprising pulse dose, duration of therapy, daily dose, and total dose of methylprednisolone. Settings and Design Case Control study. Materials and Methods 40 patients with SLE treated at Rheumatology outpatient clinic at Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung was conducted. Each of these patients were divided into case and control groups. The design of this study was a case control study, the data was retrieved from medical record of patients with and without cushing habitus. Statistical Analysis Chi-squared test was used to test the relationship between independent variables followed by linear logistic regression analysis to determine the influence of the most influential variable in causing Cushing habitus. Results The results of this study showed that the use of total dose of methylprednisolon (> 8040 mg) has a significant effect on the incidence of Cushing habitus p = 0.029; odds ratio [OR] = 3.55). In addition, daily dose of methylprednisolone >9.4 mg has a significant effect on Cushing habitus (p = 0.012; OR = 2.98). Conclusion Significant relationship between daily dose and total dose of methylprednisolone on the occurrence of Cushing. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.Context α-mangostin, one of the xanthone derivative compounds isolated from Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract, has an excellent anticancer efficacy. However, α-mangostin has a lack of site specificity, poor cells selectivity, and low aqueous solubility. Polymeric nanoparticles formulation can be used to solve these problems. Aim Therefore, the main aim of this study was to develop polymeric nanoparticles of α-mangostin-based chitosan (αM-Ch) coated by sodium alginate (αM-Ch/Al), sodium silicate (αM-Ch/Si), and polyethylene glycol 6000 (αM-Ch/PEG). Materials and Methods Polymeric nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method with the spray pyrolysis technique. Optimized formula was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results αM-Ch/Al, αM-Ch/Si, and αM-Ch/PEG Nanoparticles were successfully prepared with the range of particle size approximately 200-400nm. The XRD patterns and DSC thermograms of αM-Ch/Al showed an amorphous state, whereas αM-Ch/Si and αM-Ch/PEG indicated low crystalline forms. In addition, αM-Ch/Al had the highest entrapment efficiency (98.33% ± 0.06%) compared to αM-Ch/Si (70.46% ± 8.93%), and αM-Ch/PEG (92.24% ± 10.98%). Conclusion These results suggest that αM-Ch/Al has the potential to enhance the physicochemical properties of α-mangostin for further formulation as an anticancer agent. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.Background The katuk leaf (Sauropus androgynous (L.) Merr.) is one of the plants that are used to overcome baldness by the people of Kampung Mak Kemas, Malaysia. It is suspected that secondary metabolites contained in katuk leaves play a key role in stimulating hair growth. Aims and Objectives The aim of this study was to identify the optimum method to obtain one of the chemical compounds in the water fraction and to identify the hypothesized chemical isolates in the water fraction katuk leave’s ethanol extract. Materials and Methods The methods used in this study included the collection and determination of the katuk plant, the processing of the katuk, phytochemical filtrating, extracting with ethanol 96%, and fractionation using the liquid-liquid extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water solvents The water fraction of katuk leaves was analyzed by its components by thin-layer chromatography using the stationary phase of silica gel 60 F254, developer of n-butanolacetic acidwater (415), and detection under ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 366 and 254nm, as well as with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent. To isolate the compounds from water fraction of katuk leaves, it was then eluted with a vacuum column chromatography by eluent with a level polarity that would get 11 subfractions. Each subfraction was checked by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography to see subfraction purity characterized by the appearance of a spot on the chromatogram plate. The isolate was analyzed using spot test, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, infrared spectrophotometer, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The isolate was an alkaloid compound with a molecular mass of 406.3131 m/z with the molecular formula C21H39N6O2 as S, S-5, 5′-amino-4,4′-dihexyl-propyldihydropyrazol-3, 3-one. Conclusion One of the chemical compounds contained in the water fraction of the ethanol extract of the katuk leaf was an alkaloid group. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.Background Cytotoxic T protein lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a key role in regulating the T-cell system, where occurrence of disturbances in the system seen by imbalances in Th1 and Th2 levels is believed to be one of the etiologies of schizophrenia. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at rs5742909 in the CTLA-4 gene (C→T) might affect the expression level of CTLA-4 protein. Aims and Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the genotype distribution of the CTLA-4 gene (rs5742909) in patients with schizophrenia at Rumah Sakit Jiwa Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang and identify the correlation of these genetic polymorphisms as the risk factors of schizophrenia. Materials and Methods This research was conducted through the stage of submitting ethical approval, primer design, chromosomal DNA isolation, optimization of polymerase chain reaction conditions, and data analysis. Results Based on the results of the study, the CC genotype was shown in 36 patients (78.26%), TT genotype in 10 patients (21.73%), and no TT genotypes. However, statistical analysis using Fisher’s exact and binary logistic regression statistical test showed no significant relationship between genetic polymorphism of the CTLA-4 rs5742909 against risk factors for schizophrenia (P = 0.05; α = 5%). Conclusion SNP at rs5742909, C-to-T-allele transition, was not significant associated with the risk of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.Context Polymorphism on tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene rs120074175 can cause the synthesis of neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain to reduce up to 80%. Reduced serotonin in the brain can cause dopamine release to occur continuously. Excess dopamine in the brain may cause positive symptom of schizophrenia. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype distribution of TPH2 rs120074175 gene on patients with schizophrenia at Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang Psychiatric Hospital, Indonesia, and the relationship between the genetic polymorphism of the TPH2 rs120074175 gene against risk factors of schizophrenia. Settings and Design This was a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods The method used was amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Whole blood from healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia, Wizard genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) purification kit (Promega, Fitchburg, Wisconsin), PCR master mix (Promega), ARMS-PCR primers, ddH2O, agarose (Thermo Scientific, Seoul, South Korea), Tris, Acetic Acid, EDTA (TAE) 1X, ethidium bromide, loading dye 6×, and DNA ladder (Thermo Scientific) were the materials used. Statistical Analysis Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and chi-square (χ2) tests were used. Results The results showed that both groups (healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia) at the Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang Psychiatric Hospital have a wild-type GG genotype (100%) without anyone having a mutant A allele. Conclusion TPH2 rs120074175 gene polymorphism was not associated with risk factors for schizophrenia. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.Sausage is one of foods which must be confirmed halal to consumers. Meat is commonly used in producing sausages, especially beef. However, due to high cost of meat producer usually mixes the ingredients with other cheaper meats, such as pork. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the spectral profile of lard and beef in the sausages using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Lard and beef tallow was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus at ±70°C for 6 h with n-hexane. After extraction, lard and beef tallow was evaporated. Then obtained fats were stored in eppendorf and analyzed using FTIR spectrophotometer. The results were then combined with chemometrics such as Partial least squares (PLS) for the quantitative analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) for classification. PLS and PCA analysis was performed on 1200-1000 cm-1. The results of the analyzed PLS provided the linear regression equation y = 0.921x + 4.623 with R 2 = 0.985 and root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) = 2.094%. External validation root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 4.