Our survey documented significantly lower rates of hospitalisation and learning disabilities in 51 children born after APS diagnosis as compared to 48 children born before. PAPS patients displayed lower QoL in physical and, to a greater extent, mental scores compared to the general Italian population. Both components were significantly lower in women and in patients with fatigue.

The AQUEOUS study assessed for the first time the unmet needs of young PAPS patients, enabling the development of a future „youth-focused” strategy to reduce disease burden.

The AQUEOUS study assessed for the first time the unmet needs of young PAPS patients, enabling the development of a future „youth-focused” strategy to reduce disease burden.

This research aimed to investigate the level of peripheral blood circular RNAs (circRNAs) from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with renal involvement (SLE+RI) to identify novel biomarkers for SLE+RI screening.

circRNAs expression in peripheral blood from 3 SLE+RI patients, 3 SLE patients without renal involvement (SLE-RI) and 3 healthy controls (HC) were performed by microarray. All upregulated expressed circRNAs coming from „circBase” between the three groups were determined by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in SLE+RI, SLE-RI, HC, neprhritis without SLE (NWS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The diagnostic value of these circRNAs for SLE+RI was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A 15-day follow-up was evaluated in 7 newly diagnosed SLE+RI patients to investigate the level change of these circRNAs after treatment.

We confirmed that the level of hsa_circ_0082688, hsa_circ_0082689 and hsa_circ_0008675 were significantly elevated in SLdiagnosis and treatment.

The risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) varies, ranging between 5 to 23%, depending on the disease subtype. Interestingly, most of these patients do not manifest clinically significant internal organ features of SLE. The aim of our study was to evaluate the percentage of CLE patients who fulfilled SLE criteria introduced by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR 1997) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC 2012), as well as the new criteria developed by the European League Against Rheumatism and ACR (EULAR/ACR 2019).

Patients were evaluated at baseline and during follow-up, and the severity of systemic symptoms was assessed. We retrospectively analysed the medical histories of 184 patients with CLE (75 with discoid lupus erythematosus and 109 with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus). The mean duration of follow-up after CLE diagnosis was 58 months (24-120 months).

Of the analysed patients, 23.4%, 17.4% and 14.7% met the ACR 1997, SLICC 2012 and EULAR/ACR 2019 classification criteria for SLE at baseline, respectively. There was no significant difference in this proportion after follow-up. All of the CLE patients fulfilling SLE criteria demonstrated no-to-mild internal organ involvement and laboratory abnormalities such as cytopenia or complement levels were mild or only slightly decreased.

The EULAR/ACR 2019 criteria are characterised by higher specificity for SLE diagnosis when compared to previously introduced criteria sets. We conclude that patients with CLE, even those meeting the criteria for SLE, have low risk of serious complications of SLE.

The EULAR/ACR 2019 criteria are characterised by higher specificity for SLE diagnosis when compared to previously introduced criteria sets. We conclude that patients with CLE, even those meeting the criteria for SLE, have low risk of serious complications of SLE.Somatic symptom disorder is excessive anxiety towards persistent symptoms that do not have an identifiable physical origin. Fibromyalgia is a stress-related illness. The overwhelming majority of fibromyalgia patients seeking medical care are women. Most fibromyalgia sufferers fulfil the somatic symptom disorder diagnostic criteria. The objectives of this article are the following 1) to examine fibromyalgia and somatic symptom disorder analogy. 2) to discuss stress-evoked neuropathic pain sexual dimorphism, and 3) to propose a neuropathic pathogenesis that may explain how stressed women could develop fibromyalgia. Recent research demonstrates a clear link between fibromyalgia and small fibre neuropathy. Dorsal root ganglia contain the small nerve fibre nuclei. In rodents, physical, chemical, or environmental stressors lead to dorsal root ganglia phenotypic changes and to hyperalgesia. This phenomenon is much more frequent in females. Prolactin, oestrogens, and progesterone alter dorsal root ganglia physiology, establishing abnormal connections between the stress response system and pain pathways. Rather than a mental somatic symptom disorder, fibromyalgia patients may have a stress-induced neuropathic pain syndrome. Sexually dimorphic dorsal root ganglia physiology may explain why it is women who more often develop fibromyalgia. Understanding fibromyalgia as a real stress-evoked neuropathic pain syndrome may lead to more compassionate patient care and may open new avenues for gender-related neuropathic pain investigation.Effective management of a pandemic due to a respiratory virus requires public health capacity for a coordinated response for mandatory restrictions, large-scale testing to identify infected individuals, capacity to isolate infected cases and track and test contacts, and health services for those infected who require hospitalization. Because of contextual and socioeconomic factors, it has been hard for Latin America to confront this epidemic. In this article, we discuss the context and the initial responses of eight selected Latin American countries, including similarities and differences in public health, economic, and fiscal measures, and provide reflections on what worked and what did not work and what to expect moving forward.COVID-19 has now spread globally, and 10-20% of the cases are thought to proceed to a severe condition. However, information on COVID-19 in immunodeficient patients remains limited. We treated a 56-year-old man who developed COVID-19 after chemotherapy for mantle cell lymphoma. After 1 month of prolonged fever, the patient’s respiratory condition deteriorated rapidly, and he died. COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients after chemotherapy, even with mild symptoms, can cause rapid immune reconstitution and respiratory deterioration. Therefore, caution is advised until negative PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2 are confirmed.COVID-19 is a global health emergency facing many countries around the world. Sex workers in Africa are among one of the vulnerable populations disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic on the continent. Sex workers are excluded from African government safety net, and this may force some sex workers back to sex work amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of the nature of sex work, physical distancing and other precautionary measures are impossible to observe, further compromising COVID-19 response. Sex workers in Africa have been known to face high levels of stigma and discrimination, including limited access to healthcare services. Disruption in HIV care and prevention services due to the pandemic among this key population may have negative impacts on the hard-won achievements in HIV response in Africa. In addition, stigma and discrimination toward sex workers could also make contact tracing challenging and limit access to COVID-19 testing among this vulnerable group. With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for the UN Development Program, UN member states all pledged to ensure „no one will be left behind” and to „endeavor to reach the furthest behind first.” This could not be more important than now as sex workers as a part of the population are left behind in COVID-19 response in Africa. It is important that the African government should ensure collective and inclusive response in the fight against COVID-19. Sex workers should not be forgotten in Africa’s COVID-19 response because no one is safe, until all are safe.COVID-19 manifestations in symptomatic patients can be in the form of pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction as well. Renal complications, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, endocrine system disorders, myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmia, neurological dysfunctions, dermatological symptoms, hematological manifestations, and thromboinflammation are among the reported extrapulmonary complications. Moreover, the presence of coagulopathy, excessive and dysregulated immune responses, and autoimmunity by COVID-19 patients is considerable. The pathogenesis of infection entails the entry of the virus via receptors on cells, principally angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors. Direct virus damage coupled with indirect effects of viral infection including thromboinflammation, dysfunction of the immune system, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system leads to multiple organ failure. This review outlines the extrapulmonary organ-specific complications and their pathophysiology and epidemiology.

Vertigo and dizziness are frequent symptoms in patients at out-patient services. An accurate diagnosis for vertigo or dizziness is essential for symptom relief; however, it is often challenging. This study aimed to identify differences in diagnoses between primary-care physicians and specialised neurotologists.

In total, 217 patients were enrolled. To compare diagnoses, data was collected from the reference letters of primary-care physicians, medical questionnaires completed by patients and medical records.

In total, 62.2 per cent and 29.5 per cent of the patients were referred by otorhinolaryngologists and internists, respectively. The cause of vertigo or dizziness and diagnosis was missing in 47.0 per cent of the reference letters. In addition, 67.3 per cent of the diagnoses by previous physicians differed from those reported by specialised neurotologists.

To ensure patient satisfaction and high quality of life, an accurate diagnosis for vertigo or dizziness is required; therefore, methods or materials to improve the diagnostic accuracy are needed.

To ensure patient satisfaction and high quality of life, an accurate diagnosis for vertigo or dizziness is required; therefore, methods or materials to improve the diagnostic accuracy are needed.Hydatidosis is a potential zoonotic helminthic disease affecting a broad spectrum of mammals, including humans, worldwide. The current review was conducted to investigate the genotypic status and prevalence of hydatid disease in camels across the world. For the purpose of the study, the articles addressing the worldwide prevalence of hydatidosis in camels were searched in several English language databases. The search process resulted in the inclusion of 122 papers. Based on the data presented in the reviewed articles, the pooled prevalence of hydatid disease in camels across the world was measured at 23.75% (95% CI 20.15-27.55). Moreover, the subgroup analysis demonstrated significant differences in the overall prevalence of hydatidosis among camels based on year, geographic area, climate parameters, camel population, gender, infected organ, fertility rate of the cyst and laboratory diagnostic technique. Furthermore, the Echinococcus granulosus genotypes identified in camels with hydatidosis included G1, G2, G3, G1-G3, G5, G6, G7, G6-G7 and G6-G10, with G6 being the most common genotype throughout the world. The data obtained from the current study are central to the better conceptualization of the biological and epidemiological characteristics of E. granulosus s.l. genotypes around the world, which can be helpful in the planning and adoption of more comprehensive control strategies.

This study investigated the risk of contamination of lidocaine hydrochloride 5 per cent w/v and phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent w/v topical solution after modification of the application technique.

This paper reports a prospective basic sciences study involving 22 study samples and 1 control sample of the lidocaine hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride topical anaesthetic spray. The samples were assessed for microbiological contamination after a single use on patients using a modified application technique. The modification involves keeping the nozzle (actuator) pressed down whilst withdrawing the spray to at least 30 cm (1 ft) from the patient, before releasing the nozzle (actuator) and subsequently reapplying the spray.

Three of the 23 samples confirmed bacterial growth in the bottle contents, but there was no growth in any of the samples from the pump. These bacteria are considered to be contaminants.

There is a potential to use the lidocaine hydrochloride 5 per cent w/v and phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent w/v topical solution as a multi-use spray by changing the actuator between patients. This would have significant beneficial cost implications without the attendant infection control risk.

There is a potential to use the lidocaine hydrochloride 5 per cent w/v and phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent w/v topical solution as a multi-use spray by changing the actuator between patients. This would have significant beneficial cost implications without the attendant infection control risk.

Adults with significant childhood trauma and/or serious mental illness may exhibit persistent structural brain changes within limbic structures, including the amygdala. Little is known about the structure of the amygdala prior to the onset of SMI, despite the relatively high prevalence of trauma in at-risk youth.

Data were gathered from the Canadian Psychiatric Risk and Outcome study. A total of 182 youth with a mean age of 18.3 years completed T1-weighted MRI scans along with clinical assessments that included questionnaires on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Participants also completed the Childhood Trauma and Abuse Scale. We used a novel subfield-specific amygdala segmentation workflow as a part of FreeSurfer 6.0 to examine amygdala structure.

Participants with higher trauma scores were more likely to have smaller amygdala volumes, particularly within the basal regions. Among various types of childhood trauma, sexual and physical abuse had the largest effects on amygdala subregions. Abuse-related differences in the right basal region mediated the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms, even though no participants met criteria for clinical diagnosis at the time of assessment.

The experience of physical or sexual abuse may leave detectable structural alterations in key regions of the amygdala, potentially mediating the risk of psychopathology in trauma-exposed youth.

The experience of physical or sexual abuse may leave detectable structural alterations in key regions of the amygdala, potentially mediating the risk of psychopathology in trauma-exposed youth.The escape kinetics from the anterior midgut (AM) of Trypanosoma cruzi during the initial steps of infection was assessed in Triatoma infestans, as well as its ability to survive migration in the digestive tract of the vector. All the four strains evaluated survived and reached variable parasite densities. After 49-50 days, YuYu [discrete typing units (DTU) I] strain reached the highest parasite numbers in the rectum followed by Bug (DTU V), CL-Brener (DTU VI) and Dm28c (DTU I). All strains accomplished metacyclogenesis. Bug strain reached the highest numbers of metacyclic trypomastigotes followed by YuYu and CL-Brener/Dm28c. A remarkable parasite reduction in the AM for Bug strain, but not Dm28c was noticed at 72 h of infection. In the posterior midgut + rectum high densities of parasites from both strains were detected at this period indicating the parasites crossed the AM. For Dm28c strain, in infections initiated with trypomastigotes, parasites left AM faster than those starting with epimastigotes. In conclusion, T. cruzi strains from different DTUs were able to infect T. infestans reaching variable parasite densities. The kinetics of migration in the digestive tract may be affected by strain and/or the evolutive form used for infection.

Previous research indicates that body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is associated with risk of suicidality. However, studies have relied on small and/or specialist samples and largely focussed on adults, despite these difficulties commonly emerging in youth. Furthermore, the aetiology of the relationship remains unknown.

Two independent twin samples were identified through the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, at ages 18 (N = 6027) and 24 (N = 3454). Participants completed a self-report measure of BDD symptom severity. Young people and parents completed items assessing suicidal ideation/behaviours. Logistic regression models tested the association of suicidality outcomes with (a) probable BDD, classified using an empirically derived cut-off; and (b) continuous scores of BDD symptoms. Bivariate genetic models examined the aetiology of the association between BDD symptoms and suicidality at both ages.

Suicidal ideation and behaviours were common among those with probable BDD at both ages. BDD symptomportunities for prevention among those at high-risk.

This study aimed to investigate the possible association between recurrent facial nerve palsy and migraines.

This study was a prospective case series with a two-year follow-up at an academic, tertiary referral centre and included patients with at least four episodes of recurrent lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy. All patients underwent standardised diagnostic tests.

Four patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The patients were all female with an average age at presentation of 40.75 years (range, 33-60 years) and an average age at the initial episode of 14 years (range, 12-16 years). The number of episodes varied between six and nine. All patients had at least one episode of facial nerve palsy on the contralateral side. Two patients were diagnosed and treated for migraine with aura remaining asymptomatic following prophylactic medication for migraines.

The results raise the possibility of an association between recurrent facial nerve palsy and migraines. Prospective studies in patients with even fewer episodes of facial nerve palsy could shed more light on this association.

The results raise the possibility of an association between recurrent facial nerve palsy and migraines. Prospective studies in patients with even fewer episodes of facial nerve palsy could shed more light on this association.

Cardiovascular-diseases (CVD) are caused by different metabolic-anomalies related to hypertension/sedentary life-style/drug-addiction/dyslipidemia and diabetes. Scanty report suggests that metabolic-rate regulating thyroid hormones are linked to CVD.

A total 59 individuals (male, >45 yrs) were involved in this study. Blood-samples from diagnosed cardiacpatients troponin (N=13, trop-T+), individuals with high-risk (N=15) (high glucose/cholesterol/triglycerides) with agematched controls (N=31) were tested for the evaluation of lipid-profiles/thyroid-hormones; Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone (T3/T4/TSH), blood-glucose/oxidative-stress indicators like malondialdehyde(MDA)/non-protein-soluble-thiol(NPSH) and metabolic inflammatory-marker; human C-reactive protein hsCRP by biochemical-methods/ELISA.

Correlation-data suggest that in normal-condition there is no significant correlation between thyroid-hormones and other parameters. In contrary, blood-glucose/triglyceride/uric-acidt cardiac-pathogenesis.

Dyslipidemia, oxidant-stress in association with T3 augment cardiac-pathogenesis.

Probiotics can improve immune function for prevention and management of viral infections like SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19 disease).

We searched on PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science up to May 2020 to identify interventional & observational studies documenting the effects of probiotics on incidence, severity, duration, and other clinical manifestations of viral infections especially SARS-CoV-2-induced.

From a total of 91 records, 24 studies were obtained and classified into three domains based on the efficacy of probiotics on 1) shortening the period and severity of infections (n=9), 2) incidence (n=6), and 3) Other clinical complications that may be followed by viral disorders (n=9). Identified probiotics have positive effects on the mentioned domains.

Based on the evidence, some probiotic strains may be useful in SARS-CoV-2 infection; randomized trials are needed to show the facts.

Based on the evidence, some probiotic strains may be useful in SARS-CoV-2 infection; randomized trials are needed to show the facts.

This study aimed to assess the changes in platelet counts of patients with liver cirrhosis due to chronic HCV, who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) after taking direct acting antivirals (DAAs) in a large cohort study in Egypt.

This multicenter observational retrospective study was carried out on 2500 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients who achieved (SVR) after treatment with direct acting antiviral drugs (DAA). HCV infection was confirmed by positive PCR for HCV RNA infection. SVR was defined as a negative PCR test for HCV-RNA 12 weeks after completion of DAA therapy. Platelets count was measured before therapy, during therapy, at the end of treatment, and 12 weeks after the end of the treatment.

There were 2186 patients enrolled in the study; 1866 (85.4%) were treatment naïve. There were 1006 (46%) males and 1180 (54%) females. Mean age was 50.82± 11.66 years, 2142 (98 %.0) patients achieved SVR, 2118 (96.9%) patients had Child -Pugh class A cirrhosis, and 68 (3.1%) had Child -Pugh class B liver cirrhosis. A significant increase of the platelets count was detected at the end of treatment in comparison to the pretreatment levels (P<0.001), and after achieving SVR (P <0.001) when compared to the pretreatment values.

Improvement of platelets count occurs after HCV therapy with DAAS in patients with liver cirrhosis. These results suggested that HCV eradication may have a role in improvement of platelet count.

Improvement of platelets count occurs after HCV therapy with DAAS in patients with liver cirrhosis. These results suggested that HCV eradication may have a role in improvement of platelet count.The development of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multistage process. The inflammation of the colon as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) is often regarded as the initial trigger for the development of inflammation-associated CRC. Many cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins (ILs) are known to exert proinflammatory actions, and inflammation initiates or promotes tumorigenesis of various cancers, including CRC, through differential regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs). miRNAs can be oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or anti-oncomiRs/tumor suppressor miRNAs, and they play key roles during colorectal carcinogenesis. However, the functions and molecular mechanisms of regulation of miRNAs involved in inflammation-associated CRC are still anecdotal and largely unknown. Consolidating the published results and offering perspective solutions to circumvent CRC, the current review is focused on the role of miRNAs and their regulation in the development of CRC. We have also discussed the model systems adapted by researchers to delineate the role of miRNAs in inflammation-associated CRC.

Antioxidants are beneficial in myocardial infarction (MI). It is suggestive that Theobroma cacao (TC) with rich antioxidant properties can be of health benefit in myocardial injury.

The study investigated the effect of Theobroma cacao on cardioprotection in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarc-tion in rats.

Male Wistar rats divided into four groups of 6 rats were used for the study. Group 1, the control was administered 0.9% normal saline placebo via oral gavage. Group 2 was the MI induced group administered 100mg/kg body weight isoproterenol subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 hours. Group 3 was administered TC for 2 weeks at 100mg/kg body weight via oral route. Group 4 was pretreated with TC (100mg/kg) via oral route for 2 weeks, followed im-mediately with administration of 100mg/kg body weight isoproterenol subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 hours. The rats were sacrificed using chloroform anesthesia, and blood samples collected via cardiac puncture. The serum was analyzed for troponin level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level.

The serum troponin, LDH, and MDA levels were significantly (p<0.01) increased in the MI group compared with the control. Pretreatment with TC before MI induction significantly (p<0.01) prevented increased serum troponin, LDH, and MDA levels when compared with the MI group. There was also a significant (p<0.01) decrease in MDA in the TC group compared with the control.

These results suggest that Theobroma cacao protects against isoproterenol induced myocardial injury, possibly by preventing oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation.

These results suggest that Theobroma cacao protects against isoproterenol induced myocardial injury, possibly by preventing oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation.

In the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, health systems are struggling to prioritize care for affected patients, however, physicians globally are also attempting to maintain care for other lessthreatening medical conditions that may lead to permanent disabilities if untreated. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a relatively common condition affecting young females that could lead to permanent blindness if not properly treated. In this article, we provide some insight and recommendations regarding the management of IIH during the pandemic.

The diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment methods of IIH during the COVID-19 pandemic period are reviewed. COVID-19 as a mimic of IIH is also discussed.

Diagnosis and follow-up of papilledema due to IIH during the COVID-19 pandemic can be facilitated by nonmydriatic fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. COVID-19 may mimic IIH by presenting as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, papillophlebitis, or meningoencephalitis, so a high index of suspicious is required in these cases. When surgical treatment is indicated, optic nerve sheath fenestration may be the primary procedure of choice during the pandemic period.

IIH is a serious vision threatening condition that could lead to permanent blindness and disability at a relatively young age if left untreated. It could be the first presentation of a COVID-19 infection. Certain precautions during the diagnosis and management of this condition could be taken that may allow appropriate care to be delivered to these patients while minimizing the risk of coronavirus infection.

IIH is a serious vision threatening condition that could lead to permanent blindness and disability at a relatively young age if left untreated. It could be the first presentation of a COVID-19 infection. Certain precautions during the diagnosis and management of this condition could be taken that may allow appropriate care to be delivered to these patients while minimizing the risk of coronavirus infection.

Coronavirus is a group of viruses which causes diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these family of viruses can cause the respiratory infections from mild form to fatal forms. It is preferably called as coronavirus. Formally it known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) and this disease is called as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is infectious in humans and world health organization has announced that Covid-19 as a pandemic disease. Tocilizumab is a biological agent which inhibits the cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL-6 inhibitor). As SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to the development of cytokine storm syndrome, the drug tocilizumab seems to have positive effect in patients with covid-19.

To analyze and review the possible effects and efficacy of the tocilizumab (monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptors) in SARS-CoV-2 patients.

The search strategy on recent research and review articles is used for the SARS-CoV-2 disease and tvailable research data tocilizumab, a recombinant humanized anti-human monoclonal antibody of IgG1τ (gamma 1, kappa) can improve patient’s condition from cytokine storm syndrome by inhibiting the IL-6 (Interleukin 6) receptors. The rational use of the tocilizumab in severe and critically ill covid-19 patients can prevent the development of irreversible lung injury and death of the patient. Three retrospective studies of Xiaoling Xu et al., Pan luo et al. and Paola Tonaiti et al. has shown the efficacy of tocilizumab in severe and critically ill covid-19 patients. However we need more randomized research studies with significant number of patients which can confirm the promising results on tocilizumab treatment in covid-19 patients and even ongoing clinical trails such as TOSCA, COVACTA results has not been published yet which are expected to give better and more significant results on tocilizumab’s effectiveness and safety.

Over the years, drug monitoring-such as anti drug antibodies (ADA) dosage- has witnessed major transformations. In fact ADA are more and more used in rheumatology and gastro-enterology in monitoring chronic inflammatory diseases therapeutic response. The main purpose of those researches is to produce less immunogenic drug and in consequences to improve tolerance and efficiency, since immunogenicity of those drugs still is the main constraint to their long-term use. The aim of this review was to highlight anti-drug-antibodies potential effects on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of biotherapies as well as their clinical implications.

For this purpose we did collect and summarize published data on pubmed using key words „Biologics, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Spondyloarthritis, Crohn disease, Anti drug antibodies, residual rate, immunogenicity, efficacy, tolerance”. The time-period selected for this study was 2000-2019.

Anti- Drug-antibodies do decrease pharmaco-availability of drugs and in consequences its efficiency and high risk of refractory disease and side effects.

Recent literature is consistent with the fact that drug monitoring using ADA dosage coupled with residual drug concentration offers reliable options to comfort practitioner’ therapeutic management decisions. This is particularly interesting in failure to treatment or in side effects onset situations.

Recent literature is consistent with the fact that drug monitoring using ADA dosage coupled with residual drug concentration offers reliable options to comfort practitioner’ therapeutic management decisions. This is particularly interesting in failure to treatment or in side effects onset situations.

Diabetes mellitus is a serious global health issue, currently affecting 425 million people and set to affect over 690 million people by 2045. It is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to relative or absolute insulin hormone deficiency. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are hypoglycemic agents augmenting the action of the incretin hormones that stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells.

In this study synthesis and biological evaluation of seven piperazine derivatives 3a-g was carried out.

The synthesized molecules were characterized using proton-nuclear magnetic resonance, carbon- nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

In vitro biological evaluation study showed comparable DPP-IV inhibitory activity for the targeted compounds ranging from 19%-30% at 100 µM concentration. Furthermore, the in vivo hypoglycemic activity of 3d was evaluated using streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. It was found that compound 3d significantly decreased the blood glucose level when comparing the diabetic group treated with 3d to the control diabetic group. Quantum-Polarized Ligand Docking (QPLD) studies demonstrate that 3a-g fit the binding site of DPP-IV enzyme and form H-bonding with the backbones of R125, E205, E206, K554, W629, Y631, Y662, R669, and Y752.

Piperazine derivatives were found to be successful new scaffold as potential DPP-IV inhibitors.

Piperazine derivatives were found to be successful new scaffold as potential DPP-IV inhibitors.Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP), a commercially available chemical, is frequently utilized as a mild oxidative agent for the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones, respectively. DMP shows several merits over other common oxidative agents such as chromiumand DMSO-based oxidants; thus, it is habitually employed in the total synthesis of natural products. In this review, we try to underscore the applications of DMP as an effective oxidant in an appropriate step (steps) in the multi-step total synthesis of natural products.

Tenofovir (TDF) has a detrimental effect on bone mineral density (BMD), while nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a lower BMD.

To help understand the mutual effects of NAFLD and TDF on BMD, this study was designed to explore the potential association between NAFLD and BMD in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term TDF-based antiretroviral therapy (ART).

A total of 89 HIV-infected patients who received TDF-based ART for more than three years were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. We measured BMD using an ultrasonic bone density apparatus, and liver ultrasonography was performed to determine the severity of the fatty liver. The association of NAFLD with BMD was examined using multiple logistic regression analyses.

Patients with NAFLD showed a worse BMD status than those without NAFLD. The incidence rates of osteopenia (42.86% versus 25.93%) and osteoporosis (17.14% versus 3.70%) were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients with NAFLD than in those without NAFLD. After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratio (OR) for patients with NAFLD exhibiting a worse BMD status compared with those without NAFLD was 4.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42, 14.15).

Based on our results, NAFLD was significantly associated with a worse BMD status, including osteopenia and osteoporosis, in HIV patients after receiving long-term TDF-based ART. Furthermore, we may want to avoid using TDF for ART in HIV-infected patients with NAFLD.

Based on our results, NAFLD was significantly associated with a worse BMD status, including osteopenia and osteoporosis, in HIV patients after receiving long-term TDF-based ART. Furthermore, we may want to avoid using TDF for ART in HIV-infected patients with NAFLD.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) comprise a large family of ligand-gated ion channels that have a broad distribution in neurons and non-neuronal cells throughout the body. Native nAChRs, activated by acetylcholine (ACh) endogenously, are involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. They regulate processes necessary for network operations through neurotransmitter release, cell excitability and neuronal integration. Emerging evidence suggests that nAChRs are capable of regulating cardiovascular (CV) functions in a cell type-specific manner, through the nervous system and non-neuronal tissues. The aim of this review is to describe the most recent findings regarding the role of nAChRs inside and outside the nervous system in the regulation of CV activities.

The purpose of this study is to develop a new PLGA based formulation for microspheres, which aims to release mometasone furoate for one month, so as to improve compliance.

The microspheres containing mometasone furoate were prepared by oil in water emulsion and solvent evaporation. The microspheres were characterized by surface morphology, shape, size and encapsulation efficiency. The release in vitro was studied in 37°C phosphate buffer, and in vivo, pharmacodynamics and preliminary safety evaluation were conducted in male Sprague Dawley rats.

The morphology results show that the microspheres have smooth surface, spherical shape and the average diameter of 2.320-5.679μm. The encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres loaded with mometasone furoate is in the range of 53.1% to 95.2%, and the encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres can be greatly affected by the proportion of oil phase to water phase and other formulation parameters. In vitro release kinetics revealed that drug release from microspheres was through non Fick’s diffusion and PLGA polymer erosion. Pharmacokinetic data showed that the initial release of microspheres was small and then sustained. The results of pharmacodynamic study fully proved the effectiveness and long-term effect of mometasone furoate microspheres. The results of in vivo safety evaluation showed that the preparation system had good in vivo safety.

This study shows that the microspheres prepared in this study have sufficient ability of stable drug release at least 35 days, with good efficacy and high safety. In addition, mometasone furoate can be used as a potential candidate drug for 35 day long-term injection.

This study shows that the microspheres prepared in this study have sufficient ability of stable drug release at least 35 days, with good efficacy and high safety. In addition, mometasone furoate can be used as a potential candidate drug for 35 day long-term injection.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has spread rapidly since its discovery in December 2019 in the Chinese province of Hubei, reaching this day, all the continents. This scourge is, unfortunately, in lineage with various dangerous outbreaks such as Ebola, Cholera, Spanish flu, American seasonal flu. Until today, the best solution for the moment remains prevention (Social distancing, hand disinfection, use of masks, partial or total sanitary containment, etc.), there is also the emergence of drug treatment (research and development, clinical trials, use on patients). Recent reviews emphasized the role of membrane lipids in the infectivity mechanism of SARS-COV-2. Cholesterol-rich parts of cell membranes serve as docking places of host cells for the viruses. Coronavirus 2 is a member of a virus family with lipid envelope that fuses with host cell through endocytosis, internalizing its components in the cell. In vitro cell models have shown that depletion of cholesterol by cyclodextrin, and particularly methyl beta cyclodextrin disturb the host cell membrane lipid composition this way reducing the attachment of the virus to the protein receptors. This review aims to summarize the state of the art of research concerning the use of cyclodextrin or its complexes as a potential treatment against this new virus and update work already published.

Bioconjugations are swiftly progressing and are being applied to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems (DDS) such as lack of water solubility, non-specific, and poor bioavailability. The main goals of DDS are to achieve greater drug effectiveness and minimize toxicity to the healthy tissues.

In this study, D-glucose was conjugated with eugenol to target the cancer cells. To identify the implication of the anticancer effect, osteosarcoma (K7M2) cells were cultured and the anti-proliferative effect was performed using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay] test in order to evaluate the viability and toxicity on cells with various concentrations of eugenol and D-glucose-eugenol conjugate in 24-hour incubation.

It was found that, the successful confirmation of the conjugation between D-glucose and eugenol was obtained by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. MTT assay showed inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) of D-glucose-eugenol was at 96.2 µg/ml and the decreased of osteosarcoma cell survival was 48%.

These findings strongly indicate that K7M2 cells would be affected by toxicity of D-glucose-eugenol. Therefore, the present study suggests that D-glucose-eugenol has high potential to act as an anti-proliferative agent who may promise a new modality or approach as the drug delivery treatment for cancer or chemotherapeutic agent.

These findings strongly indicate that K7M2 cells would be affected by toxicity of D-glucose-eugenol. Therefore, the present study suggests that D-glucose-eugenol has high potential to act as an anti-proliferative agent who may promise a new modality or approach as the drug delivery treatment for cancer or chemotherapeutic agent.

Development of controlled drug delivery systems can improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drug molecules in the human body, thereby significantly improving the utilization rate of drugs and reducing toxicity and side effects caused by high concentrations of drugs, which can occur when delivery is not controlled. Metal organic frameworks are a new class of very promising crystalline microporous materials, especially when the size is reduced to the nanometer range. Metal organic frameworks exhibit large specific surface areas, tunable compositions, and easy functionalization. In recent years, increasing number of studies have reported the remarkable advances in multifunctional nanoscale metal organic frameworks in drug delivery.

Review the latest research involving advances in stimuli-responsive nanoscale metal organic frameworks as drug delivery systems in controlled-release drugs.

We first introduce the two main strategies associated with nanoscale metal organic frameworks used in drug loading direct assembly and post-encapsulation. We next focus on the latest discoveries of nanoscale metal organic framework-based stimulus response systems for drug delivery, including pH, magnetics, light, ion, temperature, and other stimuli, as well as multiple stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future development directions of nanoscale metal organic framework-based controlled drug release.

We first introduce the two main strategies associated with nanoscale metal organic frameworks used in drug loading direct assembly and post-encapsulation. We next focus on the latest discoveries of nanoscale metal organic framework-based stimulus response systems for drug delivery, including pH, magnetics, light, ion, temperature, and other stimuli, as well as multiple stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future development directions of nanoscale metal organic framework-based controlled drug release.Gene therapy is one of the frontier fields of medical breakthroughs that poses as an effective solution to previously incurable diseases. The delivery of the corrective genetic material or a therapeutic gene into the cell restores the missing gene function and cures a plethora of diseases, incurable by the conventional medical approaches. This discovery holds the potential to treat many neurodegenerative disorders such as muscular atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), among others. Gene therapy proves as a humane, cost-effective alternative to the exhaustive often arduous and timely impossible process of finding matched donors and extensive surgery. It also overcomes the shortcoming of conventional methods to cross the blood-brain barrier. However, the use of gene therapy is only possible after procuring the in-depth knowledge of the immuno-pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of the disease. The process of gene therapy can be broadly categorized into three main steps elucidating the target gene, culling the appropriate vector, and determining the best mode of transfer; each step mandating pervasive research. This review aims to dissertate and summarize the role, various vectors and methods of delivery employed in gene therapy with special emphasis on therapy directed at the central nervous system (CNS) associated with neurodegenerative diseases.Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy has become a useful tool to visualize and dynamic monitor at an ultra-high resolution in both biological research and material science. For STED technology, fluorescent probes are irreplaceable in imaging process. Among them, organic fluorescent probes exhibit characteristics of superior photo-stability, high brightness, large Stokes’ shifts and excellent biocompability, thus resulting in wide applications in STED microscopy. Based on this consideration, in this review, the recent advances on organic fluorescent probes, including typical organic fluorescent probes, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), polymer dots and other nanoparticles, are introduced. The applications of organic fluorescent probes in biological imaging, such as live-cell, tissue and in-vivo imaging, and also material monitoring on the nanometer scale by using STED microscopy are then included. Based on these results, the rules to design new materials for STED microscopy are provided to enhance their imaging performance and then further enrich their real-world applications in future research.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common cancer worldwide with significantly varied prognosis in different pathological subtypes. MMPs, a group of enzymes, could involve in the invasion and metastasis of numerous malignancies. The function of MMPs in BC is partly reported in several studies but with a great conflicts; hence, a systematic analysis of expression levels and prognostic values of these MMP genes are still to be determined.

Firstly, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of MMPs were identified in ONCOMINE, GEPIA and UALCAN databases; and these DEGs were also detected by real-time RT-qPCR. More importantly, we investigated the clinical significance of these DEGs in BC patients via Kaplan-Meier (KM) Plotter, UALCAN and cBioPortal databases.

The study found that mRNA expression of MMP1/11 in BC samples was significantly higher than that in normal bladder tissues, and MMP2/3 were lower in the former than in the latter. The expression level of MMP1/2/7/9/11/13/23B were significantly related to the tumour stages. Furthermore, the prognostic analysis suggested that the high transcription levels of MMP7 and low transcription levels of MMP23A were correlated with favorable relapse-free survival and overall survival in the patients with BC, respectively. Notably, high MMP11/13 expression levels indicated poor overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with BC.

This study revealed that MMP1/2/3/7/9/11/13/23A/23B are possible prognostic biomarkers and clinical therapeutic targets for patients with BC.

This study revealed that MMP1/2/3/7/9/11/13/23A/23B are possible prognostic biomarkers and clinical therapeutic targets for patients with BC.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), with the length of over 200 nucleotides, that originate from intergenic, antisense, or promoter-proximal regions, are a large family of RNAs that lack coding capacity. Emerging evidences illustrated that LncRNAs played significant roles in a variety of cellular functions and biological processes in profuse human diseases, especially in cancers. Cancer susceptibility candidate 9 (CASC9), as a member of the LncRNAs group, firstly found its oncogenic function in esophageal cancer. In the following recent studies, a growing amount of human malignancies are verified to be correlated with CASC9, most of which are derived from the squamous epithelium tissue. This present review attempts to highlight the latest insights into the expression, functional roles, and molecular mechanisms of CASC9 in different human malignancies.

In this review, the latest findings related to the pathophysiological processes of CASC9 in human cancers were summarized and analyzed, and the associated studirs.Edema is a gradually accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues or luminal cavities, which is regulated by ion transport pathways and reflects a dysfunction of fluid and salt homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that some herbal monomers significantly reduce organ/tissue edema. In this review, we briefly summarized the electrolyte permeability involved in pathomechanisms of organ edema, and the benefits of herbal monomers on ionic transport machinery, including Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Na+ and Clchannels, Na+ -K+ -2Clco-transporter, etc. The pharmaceutical relevance is implicated for developing advanced strategies to mitigate edematous disorders. In conclusion, the natural herbal monomers regulate electrolyte permeability in many edematous disorders, and further basic and clinical studies are needed.Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Effective treatments are limited. Molecular hydrogen is emerging as a novel medical gas with therapeutic potential for various neurological diseases, including stroke. We reviewed the experimental and clinical findings of the effects of molecular hydrogen therapy in stroke patients and models. The underlying neuroprotective mechanisms against stroke pathology were also discussed.Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common dose-limiting side effects of solvent-based paclitaxel. Paclitaxel poliglumex (PPX) and NK105 were developed to overcome the paclitaxel induced peripheral neuropathy. However, the incidence of peripheral neuropathy induced by PPX and NK105 was reported higher than solvent-based paclitaxel, but evidence remains inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to compare the incidence and severity of peripheral neuropathy between solvent-based paclitaxel, PPX and NK105 mono-chemotherapy. Results revealed that no significant difference exists between the incidence of all grade peripheral neuropathy among the solventbased paclitaxel, PPX and NK105 treated groups. While, the incidence of high grade peripheral neuropathy induced by NK105 was lower than two other groups. Moreover, the overall survival was not improved in PPX compared with other groups. However, NK105 demonstrated significant longer overall survival in patients with cancer. Current evidence suggests more attention should be paid to the paclitaxel poliglumex re-formulation.

Glioma is the most common human central nervous system tumour with a high degree of malignancy. Some Rab GTPases have significant effects on glioma.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Rab3b (Rab GTPase3b) on human glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis by silencing Rab3b and to initially verify the value of Rab3b expression for the diagnosis and progression in human glioma.

Rab3b was silenced by siRNA transfection. Human glioma tissues and normal brain tissues adjacent to glioma were obtained by surgery. Rab3b, P53, Caspase 7, Bax, and Bim mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Cell proliferation was detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay, and the cell cycle and apoptosis were analysed using flow cytometry.

Rab3b mRNA and protein expression in human glioma U251 and U87 cells was significantly downregulated after Rab3b silencing. Rab3b silencing inhibited glioma cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis by upregulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.