Postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces patient opioid requirements and, in turn, may reduce the incidence and severity of opioid-induced adverse events (AEs).

To assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of single-dose intravenous (IV) ibuprofen, compared with placebo or an active comparator, for moderate-to-severe postoperative pain in adults.

We searched the following databases without language restrictions CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and LILACS on 10 June 2021. We checked clinical trials registers and reference lists of retrieved articles for additional studies.

We included randomized trials that compared a single postoperative dose of intravenous (IV) ibuprofen with placebo or another active treatment, for treating acute postoperative pain in adults following any surgery.

We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently considered trials for review inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and extractedusing rescue medication was not reported within the included study. During the study, 8/76 (76%) of participants assigned to ibuprofen and 45/75 (60%) assigned to active control (acetaminophen) reported or experienced any AE, (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.59; very low-certainty evidence). No SAEs were experienced(1 study, 151 participants; very low-certainty evidence).

There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the suggestion that IV ibuprofen is effective and safe for acute postoperative pain in adults.

There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the suggestion that IV ibuprofen is effective and safe for acute postoperative pain in adults.

Stuttering, or stammering as it is referred to in some countries, affects a child’s ability to speak fluently. It is a common communication disorder, affecting 11% of children by four years of age. Stuttering can be characterized by sound, part word or whole word repetitions, sound prolongations, or blocking of sounds or airflow. Moments of stuttering can also be accompanied by non-verbal behaviours, including visible tension in the speaker’s face, eye blinks or head nods. Stuttering can also negatively affectbehavioural, social and emotional functioning.

Primary objective To assess the immediate and long-term effects of non-pharmacological interventions for stuttering on speech outcomes, communication attitudes,quality of life and potential adverse effectsin children aged six years and younger. Secondary objective To describe the relationship between intervention effects and participant characteristics (i.e. child age, IQ, severity, sex and time since stuttering onset) at pretest.

We searched CENTRAL, non-pharmacological interventions for stuttering compared to no intervention or a wait-list control group.

Delirium is associated with a variety of adverse healthcare outcomes but is highly predictable, preventable and treatable. For this reason, numerous guidelines have been developed for delirium recognition, prevention and management across different countries and disciplines. Although research is adduced as evidence for these guidelines, a constant finding is the lack of implementation if they exist at all. Implementation is a human behaviour that can be influenced by various factors including culture at a micro- and macro-level. Hofstede’s model proposes that national cultures vary along six consistent dimensions.

Using this model, we examined the nature of delirium guidelines across countries in relation to Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions.

Data collected for each country on the six dimensions of Hofstede’s model, number of delirium guidelines approved by a National professional body of each country (through searching databases), the annual old-age dependency ratio for each country.

Sixty-four counntation of guidelines.

Many psychiatry residency programs are actively incorporating neuroscience training into their curricula; however, relatively little scholarship exploring neuroscience and psychiatry integration in undergraduate medical education has been conducted. This study investigated second-year, pre-clerkship medical students’ perceptions on the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry following foundational neuroscience and behavior instruction to identify their views before they enter clerkships.

A mixed methods design combined qualitative analysis of medical students’ essays in response to the prompt „What is the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry?” with quantitative analysis of survey responses on a 7-point scale.

Ninety-three percent of the class participated in the study (n = 77). Learners rated neuroscience as important for understanding and treating psychiatric disorders, albeit less important for psychiatric compared to neurological disorders. Using applied thematic analysis, the au medical students’ views on the relevance of neuroscience for psychiatry. Educating all medical students, not just psychiatry residents, on the neuroscience of psychiatric disorders may better equip the next generation of physicians, regardless of specialty, to care for their patients with psychiatric conditions.Odevixibat (Bylvay™) is a small molecule inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter being developed by Albireo Pharma, Inc. for the treatment of various cholestatic diseases, including progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). In July 2021, odevixibat received its first approval in the EU for the treatment of PFIC in patients aged ≥ 6 months, followed shortly by its approval in the USA for the treatment of pruritus in patients aged ≥ 3 months with PFIC. Odevixibat is also in clinical development for the treatment of other cholestatic diseases, including Alagille syndrome and biliary atresia, in various countries. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of odevixibat leading to this first approval for PFIC.

Within the football codes, medium-distance (i.e., > 20m and ≤ 40m) and long-distance (i.e., > 40m) sprint performance and maximum velocity sprinting are important capacities for success. Despite this, no research has identified the most effective training methods for enhancing medium- to long-distance sprint outcomes.

This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to (1) analyse the ability of different methods to enhance medium- to long-distance sprint performance outcomes (0-30m, 0 to > 30m, and the maximum sprinting velocity phase [V

]) within football code athletes and (2) identify how moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season) affected the training response.

We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases and performed a random-effects meta-analysis (within-group changes and pairwise between-group differences) to establish standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervalsand 95% prediction intervals. This identified thes, or both, but not exclusively V

. Regardless of the population characteristics, sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either the magnitude or the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action, or both.

OSF registration https//osf.io/kshqn/ .

OSF registration https//osf.io/kshqn/ .

Changes in body composition during cancer treatments have been linked with poorer outcomes, and increased morbidity and mortality. The effect of resistance training (RT) on body composition in cancer cohorts is debated.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of RT on body composition during and after treatment.

We searched five electronic databases for articles up to 1 February 2021 and included randomized controlled trials that compared RT with a non-exercise control in adults with cancer. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool. Pairwise, random-effects meta-analysis was used to synthesize the available data.

Overall, we included 15 studies (n = 1368). After treatment (11 studies), RT increased lean mass with moderate heterogeneity 0.41kg[95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05,0.76],p = 0.029; I

 = 47.1%, p = 0.02 and decreased fat mass with substantial heterogeneity (- 0.59kg[95% CI - 1.05, - 0.12],p = 0.019; I

 = 69.1%, p < 0.001). During treatment (4 studies), RT did not increase lean mass (0.71kg[95% CI - 0.04, 1.45],p = 0.05; I

 = 0.0%, p = 0.75) or reduce fat mass (0.00kg[95% CI - 5.31, 5.30],p = 0.99; I

 = 0.0%, p = 0.62), both with no heterogeneity.

Modest improvements in body composition were observed following RT after cancer treatment; however, no changes were observed during treatment. These adaptations are markedly lower than those observed in healthy cohorts but may be clinically meaningful for the cancer survivorship population. At present it is unclear if these diminished adaptations are due to ineffective exercise prescriptions in cancer cohorts or due to an innate anabolic resistance as a result of cancer and its treatments.

Open Science Framework (osf.io/x6z72).

Open Science Framework (osf.io/x6z72).

The acute effects of air pollution (AP) exposure during physical activity have been studied. However, comprehensive systematic reviews are lacking, particularly regarding moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).

Our objective was to determine the acute health- and exercise-related effects of AP exposure during a bout of MVPA in healthy individuals.

We searched for randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, Agricultural and Environmental Science Database, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform up to July 2020 without language or date restrictions. Studies including healthy subjects engaging in a bout of MVPA while exposed to one or more of the following air pollutants were eligible particulate matter, black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, diesel exhaust, and traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). Main outcome m symptoms during MVPA. The research related to otheroutcomedomains remains inconclusive. Although long-term exposure to AP is proven to be hazardous, the evidence for healthy individuals to forgo MVPA during periods of high (non-ozone) pollution remains weak.

Retrospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020188280) on 10 July 2020.

Retrospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020188280) on 10 July 2020.Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment in children, with a prevalence of 2-3%. Not only is visual acuity reduced in one eye but binocular vision is affected, fellow eye deficits may be present, eye-hand coordination and reading can be affected, and self-perception may be diminished. New technologies for preschool vision screening hold promise for accessible, early, and accurate detection of amblyopia. Together with recent advances in our theoretical understanding of amblyopia and technological advances in amblyopia treatment, we anticipate improved visual outcomes for children affected by this very common eye condition. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.