The re-structuring of the methodology contributed to a reduction in treatment gap, a reorganization of care flows and the inclusion of clinical monitoring as a management tool in services specialized in providing care to PLWHA. This methodology can be implemented by other state programs, municipalities and services, since all have access to the same information sources used in this intervention.The study aimed to analyze the interaction of sociodemographic factors in the association between psychosocial factors and active commuting to school. This was a cross-sectional study in 2018 with a sample of 1,984 students. The target sociodemographic factors were sex, age, parents’ schooling, and socioeconomic status. Social support and self-efficacy were measured with questionnaires. Active commuting to school was defined as walking, bicycling, or skateboarding to and from school. Binary logistic regression was used to verify the association between psychosocial factors and active commuting to school. Then, interaction terms with the sociodemographic variables (age, father’s schooling, mother’s schooling, socioeconomic status) were included in the relationship between psychosocial factors and active commuting to school. The sample consisted of 1,984 adolescents (55.9% females). Of these, 748 (37.7% of the sample) reported active commuting to school during a normal week. Analyses of interaction showed that high levels of schooling and high socioeconomic status were negatively associated with active commuting to school. Low socioeconomic status and low schooling were positively associated with such commuting. The peer social support scale showed more significant variables than the other scales. The results indicate that sociodemographic factors (parents’ schooling and socioeconomic status) moderate the association between psychosocial factors and active commuting to school.The aim of this study was to analyze self-rated health in Brazil’s adult population according to markers of health inequality (color or race, region of residence, schooling, per capita household income, and social class), stratified by sex. We studied 59,758 individuals 18 years or older who participated in the 2013 National Health Survey, a population-based household survey. Data collection used face-to-face interviews and key physical measurements. Self-rated health was classified as positive, fair, or negative. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Percentage agreement and kappa values were calculated to compare the results obtained by regression models and the expected values. Prevalence of positive self-rated health in the overall population was 66.2% (70% in men and 62.6% in women). In the adjusted analysis, the odds of worse self-rated health were significantly higher in individuals with lower per capita household income, less schooling, from the lowest social classes, residents of the North and Northeast regions, and those with brown and black color/race. Public policies for health promotion and recovery in these more vulnerable social groups can help reduce the persistent health inequalities in Brazil.COVID-19 has created enormous challenges for health systems worldwide, with the rapidly growing number of deaths and critical patients with pneumonia requiring ventilatory support. Alternative methods to control the spread of the disease such as social isolation, extreme quarantine measures, and contact tracing have been used around the world. However, these measures may not be totally effective to fight COVID-19, in step with the necessary national preparations to meet the new patient care demands. A wide range of digital technologies can be used to enhance these public health strategies, and the pandemic has sparked increasing use of telehealth. This field has grown considerably in Brazil in recent years. Still, despite the intense proliferation of recommendations and rules, until the current pandemic the country still lacked a fully consolidated regulatory framework. The emergence of COVID-19 marks a key moment in the expansion of applications and use of telehealth for improving the health system’s response to the current crisis. The article discusses telehealth’s contribution to the fight against COVID-19 and the recent initiatives triggered in Brazil as opportunities for the consolidation of telemedicine and improvement of the Brazilian Unified National Health System. The authors conclude that telehealth offers capabilities for remote screening, care and treatment, and assists monitoring, surveillance, detection, prevention, and mitigation of the impacts on healthcare indirectly related to COVID-19. The initiatives triggered in this process can reshape the future space of telemedicine in health services in the territory.The study aimed to assess the implementation of the More Doctors Program (PMM in Portuguese) based on a case study of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The first stage involved analyzing the documents that launched the PMM, allowing the creation of a logic model. In the second stage, data on the PMM in Espírito Santo State were analyzed (2013-2016) based on population brackets, creating indicators for the proportion of physicians before and after the Program with the following parameters unacceptable (0 to 0.99 physicians/1,000 inhabitants); acceptable (1 to 1.99); and desirable (2.0 or more). Data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests. The model included the size, inputs, activities, outputs, results, and impact of the PMM, orienting analysis of the Program’s implementation. Of all the physicians in the emergency supply to Espírito Santo State (432), the majority (63.8%) were cooperative exchange physicians (Cubans), while 31.2% were regional board-accredited Brazilians. The Brazilian and individual exchange physicians were allocated mainly in medium and large municipalities, while the Cubans were distributed more heterogeneously in municipalities of all population sizes and were thus more common in areas with greater social vulnerability and lower social capital. There was a significant increase in the number of physicians in Espírito Santo State, but the supply to the extremely poor population did not reach the desired level, presenting an unacceptable mean rate in municipalities with up to 10,000 inhabitants and an acceptable rate in municipalities in the other population brackets.Objective To translate the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) and Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit Questionnaire (SICUQ) to Portuguese, making the appropriate cross-cultural adaptations for their use in Brazil, as well as to determine the interobserver reliability of the instruments. Methods In this study, we evaluated medical and surgical patients admitted to the adult ICU of the Federal University of Paraná Hospital de Clínicas, in the city of Curitiba, Brazil, between June of 2017 and January of 2018. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaires involved the following steps translation, synthesis, back-translation, revision by an expert panel, approval of the back-translation by the original authors, pretesting, and creation of the final versions. Two researchers applied the Portuguese-language versions in the evaluation of critically ill patients. Interobserver reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% CI. Results The sample comprised 50 patients, of whom 27 (54%) were women. The mean age was 47.7 ± 17.5 years. The main reason for ICU admission, in 10 patients (20%), was cancer. The interobserver reliability of the questionnaires ranged from good to excellent. For the RCSQ, the ICC was 0.84 (95% CI 0.71-0.90). For SICUQ domains 1-5 (sleep quality and daytime sleepiness), the ICC was 0.75 (95% CI 0.55-0.86), whereas it was 0.86 (95% CI 0.76-0.92) for SICUQ domains 6 and 7 (causes of sleep disruption). Conclusions The cross-culturally adapted, Portuguese-language versions of the RCSQ and SICUQ appear to have good interobserver reliability.Surgical resection is the primary treatment option for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, lobectomy being considered the standard of care. In elderly patients, physiological characteristics can limit the suitability for surgery and the extent of resection. Sublobar resection (SLR) can be offered as an alternative. The aim of this real-world analysis was to compare lobectomy and SLR in terms of recurrence and survival rates in patients over 70 years of age.Objective Lung cancer is an important health problem due to its high incidence and mortality. The treatment of metastatic disease improved after the molecular pathways of cancer came to be known. However, targeted therapy is unavailable to many patients treated within the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, Unified Health Care System). Our objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib versus that of chemotherapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in the context of the SUS. Methods Different analytical models were developed based on data in the literature. The outcomes were presented in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per QALY gained. All costs related to treatment and supportive therapies were included in the models. Results In one model, data from retrospective studies showed 2.01 life-years saved and a mean QALY gain of 1.169. The ICER per QALY gained ranged from R$48,451.29 (for gefitinib) to R$85,559.22 (for erlotinib). In another model, data from a meta-analysis showed -0.01 life-years saved and a mean QALY gain of 0.178. The ICER per QALY gained ranged from R$27,028.30 (for gefitinib) to R$75,203.26 (for erlotinib). Conclusions There is no ideal analytical model for the SUS. However, targeted therapy with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been shown to be cost-effective in various scenarios. The adoption of drug price discounts will improve the cost-effectiveness of treatment.Objective To analyze the complications related to flexible bronchoscopy (FB) and its collection procedures in outpatients and inpatients with various lung and airway diseases treated at a university hospital. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of complications occurring during or within 2 h after FB performed between January of 2012 and December of 2013, as recorded in the database of the respiratory endoscopy department of a hospital complex in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Results We analyzed 3,473 FBs. Complications occurred in 185 procedures (5.3%) moderate to severe bleeding, in 2.2%; pneumothorax, in 0.7%; severe bronchospasm, in 0.8%; general complications (hypoxemia, psychomotor agitation, arrhythmias, vomiting, or hypotension), in 1.6%; and cardiopulmonary arrest, in 0.03%. There were no deaths related to the procedures. Specifically, among the 1,728 patients undergoing biopsy, bronchial brushing, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy, bleeding occurred in 75 (4.3%). Among the 1,191 patients undergoing transbronchial biopsy, severe pneumothorax (requiring chest tube drainage) occurred in 24 (2.0%). Conclusions In our patient sample, FB proved to be a safe method with a low rate of complications. Appropriate continuing training of specialist doctors and nursing staff, as well as the development of standardized care protocols, are important for maintaining those standards.