s registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on November 11, 2020 (registration number CRD42020183774 ).

This protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on November 11, 2020 (registration number CRD42020183774 ).

Todays, due to the impact of human food choices on increasing greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption and environmental degradation, there is a new approach about changing the pattern of food production and consumption, including sustainable food and nutrition system related to consumption. This study aimed to explore the components of a sustainable diet among the factors that affect people’s food choices.

This qualitative study was carried out using an in-depth interview with 33 individuals aged 30-64 years old living in different areas of Tehran. Data collection, data analysis and theoretical conceptualization were performed simultaneously. MAXQDA 10 software was used for managing and organizing the data.

In this paper, the findings are categorized according to the key components of a sustainable diet in five themes „Health and Nutrition”, „Food and Agriculture Security”, „Environment and Ecosystems”, „Markets, food trade and production chains”, „social, cultural, and policy factors” were categorized. Meanwhile, the components of the „Health and Nutrition” domain had the highest contribution and the components of the two domains „food and agriculture” and „environment and ecosystems” had the lowest role based on the participants’ perception in this study.

Considering to the low importance of the components of a sustainable diet in food choices of the community, promoting the individual awareness of sustainable diet components, clarifying the importance of food choices in creating environmental impacts and leading the national macro policies in the field food and nutrition toward sustainable diet goals are essential.

Considering to the low importance of the components of a sustainable diet in food choices of the community, promoting the individual awareness of sustainable diet components, clarifying the importance of food choices in creating environmental impacts and leading the national macro policies in the field food and nutrition toward sustainable diet goals are essential.

Recently, the role of endogenous microbiota and the genotype-microbiota correlation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis have been highlighted. However, fungi, as the second most prevalent residents of the intestine, and their primary receptor, Dectin-1, are underrated. Thus, we conducted the first human study investigating the association of Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) polymorphism (rs11564258) with type and the extent of intestinal fungi in IBD patients.

A case-control study was performed on 79 ulcerative colitis (UC)-patients (case group) and 58 healthy subjects (HS group). DNA was extracted from blood samples of both groups and amplified with the primers designed for the specific locus containing the LRRK2 polymorphism (rs11564258) and then sequenced. Dectin-1 and LRRK2 mRNA expression levels were also determined. Furthermore, the type and prevalence of fecal yeast species were surveyed in case and control groups.

A positive correlation was observed between rs11564258 polymorphience of SNP rs11564258. Our data showed an increased global fungal load in the UC patients along with elevated UC susceptibility in cases carrying rs11564258 polymorphism. However, more clinical investigations, particularly in larger populations with different ethnic groups, are required to support this conclusion.

Here, we disclosed that LRRK2 mediates Dectin-1 signaling pathway activation and subsequent inflammation in the UC patients without being affected by the presence of SNP rs11564258. Our data showed an increased global fungal load in the UC patients along with elevated UC susceptibility in cases carrying rs11564258 polymorphism. However, more clinical investigations, particularly in larger populations with different ethnic groups, are required to support this conclusion.

Dupuytren’s contracture is a fibro-proliferative disease of the hands affecting over 2 million UK adults, particularly the white, male population. Surgery is the traditional treatment; however, recent studies have indicated that an alternative to surgery-collagenase clostridium histolyticum (collagenase)-is better than a placebo in the treatment of Dupuytren’s contracture. There is however no robust randomised controlled trial that provides a definitive answer on the clinical effectiveness of collagenase compared with limited fasciectomy surgery. Dupuytren’s intervention surgery vs collagenase trial (DISC) trial was therefore designed to fill this evidence gap.

The DISC trial is a multi-centre pragmatic two-arm parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Participants will be assigned 11 to receive either collagenase injection or surgery (limited fasciectomy). We aim to recruit 710 adult participants with Dupuytren’s contracture. Potential participants will be identified in primary and secondary care, scr the first randomised controlled trial, to our knowledge, to investigate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of collagenase compared to limited fasciectomy surgery for patients with Dupuytren’s contracture.

Clinical.Trials.gov ISRCTN18254597 . Registered on April 11, 2017.

Clinical.Trials.gov ISRCTN18254597 . Registered on April 11, 2017.

Identifying the mechanisms driving disease risk is challenging for multi-host pathogens, such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the tick-borne bacteria causing Lyme disease. Deer are tick reproduction hosts but do not transmit B. burgdorferi s.l., whereas rodents and birds are competent transmission hosts. Here, we use a long-term deer exclosure experiment to test three mechanisms for how high deer density might shape B. burgdorferi s.l. prevalence in ticks increased prevalence due to higher larval tick densities facilitating high transmission on rodents (M1); alternatively, reduced B. burgdorferi s.l. prevalence because more larval ticks feed on deer rather than transmission-competent rodents (dilution effect) (M2), potentially due to ecological cascades, whereby higher deer grazing pressure shortens vegetation which decreases rodent abundance thus reducing transmission (M3).

In a large enclosure where red deer stags were kept at high density (35.5deer km

), we used an experimental design consiogen prevalence. This has implications for environmental pathogen management and for deer management, although the impact of intermediate deer densities now needs testing.

High densities of tick reproduction hosts such as deer can drive up vector-borne disease hazard, despite the potential to simultaneously reduce pathogen prevalence. This has implications for environmental pathogen management and for deer management, although the impact of intermediate deer densities now needs testing.

The incidence of metachronous contralateral inguinal hernia (MCIH) is high in infants with an inguinal hernia (5-30%), with the highest risk in infants aged 6 months or younger. MCIH is associated with the risk of incarceration and necessitates a second operation. This might be avoided by contralateral exploration during primary surgery. However, contralateral exploration may be unnecessary, leads to additional operating time and costs and may result in additional complications of surgery and anaesthesia. Thus, there is no consensus whether contralateral exploration should be performed routinely.

The Hernia-Exploration-oR-Not-In-Infants-Analysis (HERNIIA) study is a multicentre randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation alongside to study the (cost-)effectiveness of contralateral exploration during unilateral hernia repair. Infants aged 6 months or younger who need to undergo primary unilateral hernia repair will be randomised to contralateral exploration or no contralateral exploration (n = ernia.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03623893 . Registered on August 9, 2018 Netherlands Trial Register NL7194. Registered on July 24, 2018 Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO) NL59817.029.18. Registered on July 3, 2018.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03623893 . Registered on August 9, 2018 Netherlands Trial Register NL7194. Registered on July 24, 2018 Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO) NL59817.029.18. Registered on July 3, 2018.

Dental calculus (mineralised dental plaque) preserves many types of microfossils and biomolecules, including microbial and host DNA, and ancient calculus are thus an important source of information regarding our ancestral human oral microbiome. In this study, we taxonomically characterised the dental calculus microbiome from 20 ancient human skeletal remains originating from Trentino-South Tyrol, Italy, dating from the Neolithic (6000-3500 BCE) to the Early Middle Ages (400-1000 CE).

We found a high abundance of the archaeal genus Methanobrevibacter in the calculus. However, only a fraction of the sequences showed high similarity to Methanobrevibacter oralis, the only described Methanobrevibacter species in the human oral microbiome so far. To further investigate the diversity of this genus, we used de novo metagenome assembly to reconstruct 11 Methanobrevibacter genomes from the ancient calculus samples. Besides the presence of M. oralis in one of the samples, our phylogenetic analysis revealed two hitherto uncharacterised and unnamed oral Methanobrevibacter species that are prevalent in ancient calculus samples sampled from a broad range of geographical locations and time periods.

We have shown the potential of using de novo metagenomic assembly on ancient samples to explore microbial diversity and evolution. Our study suggests that there has been a possible shift in the human oral microbiome member Methanobrevibacter over the last millennia. Video abstract.

We have shown the potential of using de novo metagenomic assembly on ancient samples to explore microbial diversity and evolution. Our study suggests that there has been a possible shift in the human oral microbiome member Methanobrevibacter over the last millennia. Video abstract.

Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum (HLF) is a common lumbar degeneration disease (LDD) with typical symptoms of low back pain and limb numbness owing to an abnormal pressure on spinal nerves. Previous studies revealed HLF might be caused by fibrosis, inflammatory, and other bio-pathways. However, a global analysis of HLF is needed severely.

A genome-wide DNA methylation and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis were performed from five LDD patients with HLF and five LDD patients without HLF. Comprehensive integrated analysis was performed using bioinformatics analysis and the validated experiments including Sanger sequencing, methylation-specific PCR, qPCR and ROC analysis. Furthermore, the function of novel genes in ligamentum flavum cells (LFCs) was detected to explore the molecular mechanism in HLF through knock down experiment, overexpression experiment, CCK8 assay, apoptosis assay, and so on.

We identified 69 SNP genes and 735 661 differentially methylated sites that were enriched in extracellular matrix, inflammatory, and cell proliferation.