To explore what it might mean to be a white psychiatrist working in a white culture.

Inequalities and power imbalances are maintained by person-blaming and the invisibility of structural inequality. Opportunities to recognise the effects of being privileged and working within a medical culture that compounds such inequality may be squandered without curiosity and action.

Inequalities and power imbalances are maintained by person-blaming and the invisibility of structural inequality. Opportunities to recognise the effects of being privileged and working within a medical culture that compounds such inequality may be squandered without curiosity and action.

Bariatric surgical procedures are being commonly performed increasingly, and many surgical candidates are concomitantly taking psychotropic medication. This paper aims to elucidate issues when prescribing psychiatric medication in this setting of substantial anatomical and physiological change.

A hand search of the literature to assess the current understanding of effects of various bariatric procedures on the bioavailability of psychotropic medication.

Predominantly malabsorptive bariatric procedures may reduce bioavailability of some but not all commonly used psychiatric medications. There is minimal information about the effects of the most commonly performed surgery, vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Lithium prescription and monitoring requires caution.

There is limited guidance for prescription for psychotropic medication in the bariatric surgery patient group, and vigilance for unexpected adverse effects or altered efficacy is warranted.

There is limited guidance for prescription for psychotropic medication in the bariatric surgery patient group, and vigilance for unexpected adverse effects or altered efficacy is warranted.

To date, specific parent- and child-defined anxiety disorders associated with dysthymic disorder (DD; DSM-5 persistent depressive disorder equivalent) with and without major depressive disorder (MDD) have not been investigated in children and adolescents.

In a cross-sectional study, we compared point prevalence rates of parent- and child-reported anxiety disorders in DD alone (

= 154), MDD alone (

= 29), comorbid DD and MDD (

= 130) and anxiety disorders alone (

= 126) groups.

DD alone and MDD alone did not differ with respect to comorbid anxiety disorders from parent and child reports, while parent-reported panic disorder (PD) was significantly increased in the DD and MDD group compared to the other three groups as was child-reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to the MDD alone and anxiety disorders alone groups. In contrast, specific phobia (SpPh) was significantly increased in the anxiety disorders alone group compared to the DD and MDD group.

The findings suggest that specific fear-related anxiety disorders, especially parent-reported PD and child-reported PTSD, may aid the early recognition of DD and MDD.

The findings suggest that specific fear-related anxiety disorders, especially parent-reported PD and child-reported PTSD, may aid the early recognition of DD and MDD.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) has led to high levels of psychological distress in the community. This study aimed to examine whether emergency departments (EDs) also recorded a rise in mental health presentations.

Changes in the number, and type, of mental health presentations to Western Australia EDs were examined between January and May 2020, and compared to 2019.

Data showed an unexpected decrease in the number of mental health presentations, compared to 2019, which was temporally coincident with the rise in local COVID-19 cases. Presentations for anxiety and panic symptoms, and social and behavioural issues, increased by 11.1% and 6.5%, respectively, but suicidal and self-harm behaviours decreased by 26%.

A rise in local COVID-19 cases was associated with a decrease in mental health presentations to EDs. This has important implications for the planning and provision of healthcare services in the current pandemic.

A rise in local COVID-19 cases was associated with a decrease in mental health presentations to EDs. This has important implications for the planning and provision of healthcare services in the current pandemic.During mating season, males of synchronous firefly species flash in unison within swarms of thousands of individuals. These strongly correlated collective displays have inspired numerous mathematical models to explain how global synchronous patterns emerge from local interactions. Yet, experimental data to validate these models remain sparse. To address this gap, we develop a method for three-dimensional tracking of firefly flashes, using a stereoscopic set-up of 360-degree cameras. We apply this method to record flashing displays of the North American synchronous species Photinus carolinus in its natural habitat as well as within controlled environments, and obtain the three-dimensional reconstruction of flash occurrences in the swarm. Our results show that even a small number of interacting males synchronize their flashes; however, periodic flash bursts only occur in groups larger than 15 males. Moreover, flash occurrences are correlated over several metres, indicating long-range interactions. While this suggests emergent collective behaviour and cooperation, we identify distinct individual trajectories that hint at additional competitive mechanisms. These reveal possible behavioural differentiation with early flashers being more mobile and flashing longer than late followers. Our experimental technique is inexpensive and easily implemented. It is extensible to tracking light communication in various firefly species and flight trajectories in other insect swarms.Down syndrome (DS) is an independent risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Palivizumab – passive immunization for RSV – is the only pharmacological measure for preventing severe disease. In most countries, palivizumab is indicated in young children with congenital heart disease, premature birth, and chronic lung disease. In Japan, since 2013, children with DS, but without such „standard” risk factors, have been able to receive insurance-covered palivizumab prophylaxis, but its effectiveness of policy is unknown. From a nationwide database, we extracted data of children with DS who hospitalized for RSV-related lower respiratory infections (LRTIs), from April 2010 to January 2019. Using an interrupted time-series design, we analyzed data from before and after the introduction of the universal palivizumab prophylaxis program for DS children in Japan. As a result, we identified a total of 152 RSV-related LRTIs in 147 children hospitalized with DS. With time-series analysis, we did not observe a significant change in both level (-1.07, P = .11) and slope (0.26 per 12 months, P = .30), before and after 2013. In summary, the expansion of the palivizumab prophylaxis program to all children with DS in Japan was not associated with a reduction in RSV-related hospitalization in these children.It is currently unclear if damping plays a functional role in legged locomotion, and simple models often do not include damping terms. We present a new model with a damping term that is isolated from other parameters that is, the damping term can be adjusted without retuning other model parameters for nominal motion. We systematically compare how increased damping affects stability in the face of unexpected ground-height perturbations. Unlike most studies, we focus on task-level stability instead of observing whether trajectories converge towards a nominal limit-cycle, we quantify the ability to avoid falls using a recently developed mathematical measure. This measure allows trajectories to be compared quantitatively instead of only being separated into a binary classification of 'stable’ or 'unstable’. Our simulation study shows that increased damping contributes significantly to task-level stability; however, this benefit quickly plateaus after only a small amount of damping. These results suggest that the low intrinsic damping values observed experimentally may have stability benefits and are not simply minimized for energetic reasons. All Python code and data needed to generate our results are available open source.For many pollinators, flowers provide predictable temporal schedules of resource availability, meaning an ability to learn time-dependent information could be widely beneficial. However, this ability has only been demonstrated in a handful of species. Observations of Heliconius butterflies suggest that they may have an ability to form time-dependent foraging preferences. Heliconius are unique among butterflies in actively collecting pollen, a dietary behaviour linked to spatio-temporally faithful 'trap-line’ foraging. Time dependency of foraging preferences is hypothesized to allow Heliconius to exploit temporal predictability in alternative pollen resources. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that Heliconius hecale can learn opposing colour preferences in two time periods. This shift in preference is robust to the order of presentation, suggesting that preference is tied to the time of day and not due to ordinal or interval learning. However, this ability is not limited to Heliconius, as previously hypothesized, but also present in a related genus of non-pollen feeding butterflies. This demonstrates time learning likely pre-dates the origin of pollen feeding and may be prevalent across butterflies with less specialized foraging behaviours.Human-directed play behaviour is a distinct behavioural feature of domestic dogs. But the role that artificial selection for contemporary dog breeds has played for human-directed play behaviour remains elusive. Here, we investigate how human-directed play behaviour has evolved in relation to the selection for different functions, considering processes of shared ancestry and gene flow among the different breeds. We use the American Kennel Club (AKC) breed group categorization to reflect the major functional differences and combine this with observational data on human-directed play behaviour for over 132 breeds across 89 352 individuals from the Swedish Dog Mentality Assessment project. Our analyses demonstrate that ancestor dogs already showed intermediate levels of human-directed play behaviour, levels that are shared with several modern breed types. Herding and Sporting breeds display higher levels of human-directed play behaviour, statistically distinguishable from Non-sporting and Toy breeds. Our results suggest that human-directed play behaviour played a role in the early domestication of dogs and that subsequent artificial selection for function has been important for contemporary variation in a behavioural phenotype mediating the social bond with humans.For many animals, navigating their environment requires an ability to organize continuous streams of sensory input into discrete 'perceptual objects’ that correspond to physical entities in visual and auditory scenes. The human visual and auditory systems follow several Gestalt laws of perceptual organization to bind constituent features into coherent perceptual objects. A largely unexplored question is whether nonhuman animals follow similar Gestalt laws in perceiving behaviourally relevant stimuli, such as communication signals. We used females of Cope’s grey treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) to test the hypothesis that temporal coherence-a powerful Gestalt principle in human auditory scene analysis-promotes perceptual binding in forming auditory objects of species-typical vocalizations. According to the principle of temporal coherence, sound elements that start and stop at the same time or that modulate coherently over time are likely to become bound together into the same auditory object. We found that the natural temporal coherence between two spectral components of advertisement calls promotes their perceptual binding into auditory objects of advertisement calls.