Allium sativum L. is a widely distributed plant used as a spice, vegetable and medicine. In this study, one novel water-soluble polysaccharide (GBP-1a), with a molecular weight of 15.0 kDa, was isolated from the scape of A. sativum (garlic bolt). GBP-1a consists of galactose, glucose and arabinose at a ratio of 73.294.361.70. It has a backbone, which is composed of 1,4-linked Galp, with 1,2,6-linked Galp branches and 1-linked Glcp residue. In addition, the anti-oxidant activities of GBP-1a, as well as the two main polysaccharide fractions on ABTS radicals, metal ions and superoxide anion radicals, were evaluated in vitro. This study added new data to the study of polysaccharides from garlic bolt.Most polysaccharides used in polysaccharide-based block copolymers are attached to the second block through the reducing end, due to the few and highly polysaccharide specific non-reducing end (NRE) functionalisation methods available. Chitin oligomers, prepared by nitrous acid degradation of chitosan (AnM) can, however, be selectively oxidised by periodate since they only possess a single vicinal diol in the NRE residue. Here, we show that both aldehydes formed after oxidation are highly reactive towards bifunctional oxyamines and hydrazide linkers. Sub-stochiometric amounts of linkers resulted in conjugation of AnM oligomers through both chain termini to yield a discrete distribution of 'polymerised’ oligomers. Such chitin-based block polymers were, in contrast to chitins of the same chain lengths, water-soluble. Oxidised AnM oligomers, functionalised at both termini can also enable the preparation of more complex block polysaccharides such as ABA- or ABC-type.Polysaccharide ubiquity is trimmed for applications of low syneresis impact. This syneresis may be crucial for specific applications that are very sensitive to gel dimension stability, namely, 3D scaffolds for cell culture for disease diagnosis and tissue engineering. We hypothesized that the syneresis origin results from the kappa-carrageenan (kC) polysaccharide thermodynamic instability, and we demonstrated this by measuring the critical (coil-to-coil contact) concentration as a function of temperature. The impact of 5 mM, 10 mM and 15 mM KCl salt on the critical concentration of the solution and the lower critical concentration temperature (LCCT) were particularly investigated. For the kC polysaccharide, the gelation temperature (Tg) falls at temperatures below the LCCT, which explains the shrinking or syneresis reaction of the polysaccharide gels. The gap between Tg and LCCT would be the thermomotive force of the syneresis of many colloidal gels.Cryotropic gelation is one of the most common approaches to design novel hydrogels with multifaceted technological and biological functionalities. In the present paper, we studied the ability of highly galactosyl-substituted galactomannans, i.e. fenugreek and alfalfa gum, to form physically crosslinked hydrogels via cryogenic processing. Cycling of the galactomannan solutions (0.25 to 4% wt) from 25 to -20 to 25 °C induced the physical crosslinking of the galactomannan chains leading to the formation of different cryogel structures, i.e. filamentous aggregates (c* less then c less then 1%), cellular-like gel networks (1 ≤ c less then 4%) or a homogeneously swollen gel (c ≥ 4%), depending on the total biopolymer content. Alfalfa gum-based cryogels exhibited higher elasticity and stiffness, better uniformity of the structure and a lower macropore size than their fenugreek counterparts. The physical blending of alfalfa or fenugreek gum with locust bean gum (2% total biopolymer) led to the reinforcement of the mechanical properties of the cryogels without significantly altering their microstructural aspects.Polysaccharide substrates loaded with antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, effectively protected by cyclodextrin moieties, can be a long-lasting solution to confer certain properties to fabrics, paper and other materials. β-Cyclodextrin was attached to α-cellulose, bleached pulp and starch by a two-step esterification with a tetracarboxylic acid. The resulting derivatives were characterized by spectroscopy, thermal degradation analysis and capability of phenolphthalein inclusion. The carriers, containing between 89 and 171 μmol of β-cyclodextrin per gram, were loaded with carvacrol, cuminaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and hydroxytyrosol. From a stoichiometric addition, the percentage of compound retained ranged from 49% (hydroxytyrosol in pulp-cyclodextrin) to 92% (carvacrol in starch-cyclodextrin). Finally, the release rate to aqueous ethanol was measured over eight days and fitted to kinetic models. From the analysis of the mean dissolution time, it can be concluded that inserting β-cyclodextrin units enhanced the long-term holding of phenolic active compounds in carbohydrate matrices.As a type of sustainable nanomaterials, nanocellulose has drawn increasing attention over the last two decades due to its great potential in diverse value-added applications such as electronics, sensors, energy storage, packaging, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and functional food. Sourcing nanocellulose from lignocellulose is commonly accomplished via the use of mineral acids, oxidizers, enzymes, and/or intensive mechanical energy. Yet, the economic and environmental concerns associated with these conventional isolation techniques pose major obstacles for commercialization. Considerable progress has been achieved in the last few years in developing sustainable nanocellulose isolation technologies involving organic acid/anhydride, Lewis acid, solid acid, ionic liquid, and deep eutectic solvent. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these alternatives with regard to general procedures and key advantages. Important knowledge gaps, including total biomass utilization, complete life cycle analysis, and health/safety, require urgently bridging in order to develop economically competitive and operationally feasible nanocellulose isolation technology for commercialization.Effective therapeutic system to periodontitis was designed using cross-linked cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (COF) as carrier for iodine and further suspended in hydroxyethyl cellulose gel as I2@COF-HEC hydrogel. Inclusion of iodine within the COF was demonstrated by SR-FTIR spectral and characteristic DSC and TGA changes. Molecular modelling identified the interaction of iodine with both COF central cavity and individual cyclodextrin moieties of COF. In vitro results of study demonstrated that iodine release in artificial saliva from I2@COF-HEC hydrogel could be extended up to 5 days, which was slower than I2@COF particles. Using an in vivo rat model of periodontitis, micro-computed tomography of alveolar bone morphology demonstrated that I2@COF-HEC hydrogel showed similar effects in decreasing periodontal pocket depth and alveolar bone resorption to minocycline ointment, a periodontitis antibiotic. The I2@COF-HEC hydrogel is a novel local delivery device of iodine as a broad spectrum antimicrobial use for treatment of periodontitis.Organic-inorganic hybrid materials overcome drawbacks associated with alginate hydrogels. In this work, covalently coupled silica-alginate hybrids were prepared by Schiff base formation and sol-gel reaction using alginate dialdehyde (ADA), (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), and APTES/tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) precursors. The influence of the polysaccharide/inorganic ratio, the nature of the inorganic precursor and the ionic crosslinking ability are studied. Prepared hybrids were characterized by FT-IR, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopies, SEM, and rheology. For ADA/APTES hybrids, at higher ADA content, Schiff base formation is predominant, but at lower ADA content, the sol-gel reaction is prevalent. However, the progress of the sol-gel reactions for ADA/(APTES+TEOS), is favored with higher ADA compositions. Introducing a posterior ionic crosslinking treatment was possible, increasing the moduli in ADA/(APTES+TEOS) hybrids from 86,207 Pa for 1.5 ADA/Si to 362,171 Pa for 1.5 ADA/Si-Ca. In-situ ADA-Silica hybrid hydrogels containing both ionic and covalent crosslinking can be successfully synthesized with the proposed method. CARBPOL-D-21-01042.The conservation of cellulose acetate plastics in museum collections presents a significant challenge, due to the material’s instability. Several studies have led to an understanding of the role of relative humidity (RH) and temperature in the decay process. It is well established that a major decay mechanism in cellulose acetate museum objects is the loss of plasticiser, and that the main decay mechanism of the polymer chain involves hydrolysis reactions. This leads to the loss of sidechain groups and the breakdown of the main polymer backbone. However, interactions between these decay mechanisms, specifically the way in which the loss of plasticiser can modify the interaction between cellulose acetate and water, has not yet been investigated. This research addresses the role of RH, studying the sorption and diffusion of water in cellulose acetate and how this interaction can be affected by plasticiser concentration using Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS).Fluorescence probing was used to study hydrophobic interactions of galactomannan (GM) obtained from fenugreek gum (FG), guar gum (GG), and locust bean gum (LBG) at different M/G ratios. The I1/I3 ratio of pyrene changed from 1.73 to 1.29, 1.22, and 1.29 for FG, GG and LBG, respectively, as the concentration of GM increased from 0.01 to 8.0 g/L at 30 °C. The critical aggregation concentration of FG, GG, and LBG increased from 1.04 to 3.84 g/L, 1.15 to 3.73 g/L, and 0.94 to 3.63 g/L, respectively, as temperature increased from 10 to 70 °C. Addition of Na2SO4 and NaSCN increased the I1/I3 ratio in dilute solution, but reduced it in semi-dilute solution, whereas adding urea reduced I1/I3 in dilute solution but increased it in semi-dilute solution. These results indicated that the CAC of GM, polarity and number of hydrophobic microdomains were highly dependent on the M/G ratio and galactose distribution.In this study, a novel nanocomposite hydrogel (NCH) was prepared by in situ crosslinking and radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of sodium alginate (Na-Alg), followed by loading of Cu2+ ions and reaction with ammonia. The main advantage of the synthesized NCH is the high adsorption of dye due to the large contact area. The structure of the NCH was studied by FT-IR spectroscopy, TEM, and SEM. TEM showed that the size of nanoparticles is about 5-30 nm. The adsorption of dye was studied by changing the different factors. The removal efficiency of Crystal Violet (CV) and Malachite Green (MG) was found to be more than 96% at concentration of 10 mg/L and pH = 6. The dye adsorption on the NCH is well described by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The reusability experiments showed that about 95% of the initial adsorption was obtained after eight cycles.Lauric acid was introduced into „Empty” V-type starch using a solid encapsulation method. The structural characteristics and emulsifying properties of the starch-fatty acid complex (SFAC) were explored as a function of the complexing temperature. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that SFAC was mainly composed of type-I amylose inclusion complexes. Contact angle measurements revealed that the hydrophobic properties of SFAC were closely related to the temperature-regulated complex index. The particle size range of SFAC gradually increased as the complexing temperature increased. The SFAC-stabilized Pickering emulsion at c of 5% and Φ of 40-60% possessed a small droplet size and long-term storage stability for up to 30 days, resulting from the formation of a gel-like network. This study provides new insight into the design of hydrophobic modified starch as a novel and multifunctional emulsifier and is of great help in the development of starch-based Pickering emulsion gels.