BACKGROUND Early years of life are period of maximal growth and development of human brain. Development of young child is influenced by biological endowment and health of child, nutritional status of child, relationships with primary caregivers, family, and support systems in the community. This study was aimed to assess childhood development in relation to their nutritional status. METHOD Community-based cross-sectional study was employed. Multi-stage systematic random sampling technique was used to select 626 children aged 12-59 months with mother/caregivers’ pairs in Wolaita district in 2015. Child development assessment was done using third edition of age and stage questionnaire. Height and weight were measured by trained data collectors then the WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 software was used to convert nutritional data indices. Data were entered into Epi-info version 3.3.5 and was exported and analyzed using STATA version 14. Correlation and multiple logistic regression were used. RESULT High risk of developmental problem in children were 19.0% with 95% CI (16.06%, 22.3%), and it is expressed as communication 5.8%, gross motor 6.1%, fine motor 4.0%, personal social 8.8%, and problem solving 4.1%. One-third (34.1%) of the study participants were stunted while 6.9% and 11.9% of them were wasted and underweight respectively. Weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age positively correlated with all five domains of development, i.e., with communication, gross motor, fine motor, personal social, and problem solving (r = 0.1 – 0.23; p less then 0.0001, and r = 0.131 – 0.249; p less then 0.0001) respectively. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Overall child development was directly related with nutritional status. So, available resources should be offered to decrease children undernutrition. Further assessment on childhood development of children is necessary.BACKGROUND While active heat acclimation strategies have been robustly explored, not many studies highlighted passive heat acclimation strategies. Particularly, little evidence demonstrated advantages of utilizing a water-perfused suit as a passive heating strategy. This study aimed to explore heat adaptive changes in physiological and perceptual responses during 10-day heat acclimation training using a water-perfused suit. METHODS Nineteen young males were divided into three experimental groups exercise condition (N = 6, HAEXE, 1-h exercise at 6 km h-1 followed by 1-h rest in a sitting position), exercise and passive heating condition (N = 6, HAEXE+SUIT, 1-h exercise at 6 km h-1 followed 1-h passive heating in a sitting position), and passive heating condition (N = 7, HASUIT, 2-h passive heating in a sitting position). All heating programs were conducted for 10 consecutive days in a climatic chamber maintained at 33 °C with 60% relative humidity. The passive heating was conducted using a newly developed water-perfused suit with 44 °C water. RESULTS Greater whole-body sweat rate and alleviated perceptual strain were found in HASUIT and HAEXE+SUIT after 5 and/or 10 days (P less then 0.05) but not in the exercise-only condition (HAEXE). Lower rectal temperature and heart rate were found in all conditions after the training (P less then 0.05). Heat adaptive changes appeared earlier in HASUIT except for sweat responses. CONCLUSIONS For heat acclimation in hot humid environments, passive and post-exercise heat acclimation training using the suit (water inflow temperature 44 °C) were more effective than the mild exercise (1-h walking at 6 km h-1). This form of passive heating (HASUIT) may be an especially effective strategy for the elderly and the disabled who are not able to exercise in hot environments.BACKGROUND Brain amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with complex neuroinflammatory reactions such as microglial activation and cytokine production. Glucose metabolism is closely related to neuroinflammation. Ketogenic diets (KDs) include a high amount of fat, low carbohydrate and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) intake. KDs lead to the production of ketone bodies to fuel the brain, in the absence of glucose. These nutritional interventions are validated treatments of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, consequently leading to a better intellectual development in epileptic children. In neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline, potential benefits of KD were previously pointed out, but the published evidence remains scarce. The main objective of this review was to critically examine the evidence regarding KD or MCT intake effects both in AD and ageing animal models and in humans. MAIN BODY We conducted a review based on a systematic search of interventional t the potential adverse effects of these nutritional approaches.BACKGROUND Hydralazine is a common vasodilator which has been used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Hydralazine can induce antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis due to its auto-immunogenic capability and one of the very rare presentations is pulmonary-renal syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 64-year-old African American woman, who presented to our emergency room with shortness of breath, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, leg swelling, fatigue, loss of appetite, cough with clear sputum, and lightheadedness. On admission, she developed acute hypoxic respiratory failure requiring intubation and acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. A serologic workup was positive for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, antinuclear antibody, anti-histone, anti-cardiolipin IgM, and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. A renal biopsy was done due to persistent deterioration in kidney function and demonstrated classic crescentic (pauci-immune) glomerulonephritis. Hydralazine was empirically discontinued early in the admission and she was started on corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide following biopsy results. She was clinically stable but remained dependent on hemodialysis after discharge. CONCLUSION Hydralazine-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with pulmonary-renal syndrome is a rare occurrence. In the setting of hydralazine use, multiple positive antigens, and multisystem involvement, clinicians should consider this rare condition requiring prompt cessation of offending drug, early evaluation with biopsy, and contemplate empiric immunosuppressive therapy while biopsy confirmation is pending.BACKGROUND In 2015, mental health services were added to the Israeli National Health Insurance package of services. As such, these services are financed by the budget which is allocated to the Health Plans according to a risk adjustment scheme. An inter-ministerial team suggested a formula by which the mental health budget should be allocated among the Health Plans. Our objective in this study was to develop alternative rates based on individual data, and to evaluate the ones suggested. METHODS The derivation of the new formula is based on our previous study of all psychiatric inpatients in Israel in the years 2012-2013 (n = 27,446), as well as outpatients in one psychiatric clinic in the same period (n = 6115). Based on Ministry of Health and clinic data we identified predictors of mental health services consumption. Age, gender, marital status and diagnosis were used as risk adjusters to calculate the capitation rates for outpatient care and inpatient care, respectively. All prices of services were obtainede inter-ministerial team. The inpatient rates are new, and indicate that for patients with schizophrenia, a separate risk-sharing arrangement might be desirable. Adopting the rates developed in this analysis would decrease the budget shares of Clalit and Leumit with their relatively older populations, and increase Maccabi and Meuhedet’s shares. Future research should develop a risk-adjustment scheme which covers directly both mental and physical care provided by the Israeli Health Plans, using their data.BACKGROUND Fasciotomy is a life-saving procedure to treat acute compartment syndrome, a surgical emergency. As fasciotomy dramatically improves wound pain, it should be performed as soon as possible. Moreover, delays in the use of fasciotomy can increase the rate of wound infections. Once the fasciotomy wound is infected, pain control is achieved via the long-term use of opioids or anti-inflammatory analgesics. However, the administration of high doses of opioids may cause complications, such as respiratory depression, over-sedation, and constipation. Therefore, treatment methods other than narcotic administration should be established to better manage the pain caused by fasciotomy wound infections. Virtual reality has recently been introduced in analgesic therapy as a replacement, or complement, to conventional pharmacological treatments. Its use has been extensively studied in the pain management of patients with burns. An increasing number of painful conditions are being successfully treated with virtual r which led to a 25-75% dose reduction in fentanyl administration and the concomitant alleviation of respiratory depression. CONCLUSIONS This case suggests the feasibility of virtual reality analgesic therapy for pain management of fasciotomy wound complications in acute compartment syndromes. Virtual reality represents a treatment option that would reduce analgesic consumption and eliminate opioid-induced respiratory depression to treat fasciotomy wound infection.BACKGROUND The „resistance vs resilience” to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) framework (coping vs avoiding) has gained interest in the field in the last year. In this viewpoint, our effort is (i) to provide clarity to the usage of the framework in the context of the ATN (amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration) system as well as in lifespan and cognitive aging studies and (ii) to discuss the challenges of matching these concepts to specific biological mechanisms. MAIN BODY In the context of the ATN system, the main goal of the resistance vs resilience framework is to make a fundamental distinction between risk factors that may help halt the development of AD pathologies (AT) („resistance”) vs delay processes downstream to AT, i.e., neurodegeneration (N) and the clinical expression of the disease („resilience”). The process of resilience in dementia and aging research should be envisioned as a process that is developed over the lifespan. Greater neurobiological capital to start with (initial brain reserve), maintaining brain sctors throughout the lifespan. Therefore, identifying resilience brain markers across lifespan, aging, and dementia studies, notably with longitudinal study designs, will be an important step towards understanding mechanisms of action. CONCLUSIONS While the field advances towards consensus definitions of existing concepts, the resistance vs resilience terminology may provide clarity in the communication of results in aging and dementia studies as well as provide a framework for the development of both hypotheses and study designs.OBJECTIVES Obesity plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The possible underlying mechanism for this connection is that adipose tissue secretes an array of chemical messenger adipokines proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1-beta). This study aimed to investigate the linkage between adipocytokines and insulin with the cardiovascular disease risk, with particular reference to the adipokines galectin-3, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and interleukin-1-beta, C-reactive protein, and monocyte chemoattractant protein. RESULT Two patterns were identified. The first pattern was galectin-3, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and interleukin-1-beta and the second one was C-reactive protein, insulin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The second pattern was strongly associated with the higher scores for resting metabolic rate, diastolic blood pressure, homeostasis model insulin resistance index, lipid profile (except low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol), and body composition parameters (except fat free mass index and waist hip ratio), while negatively associated with age and high density lipoprotein level (all p  less then  0.