Research suggests shifting patterns of recreational drug consumption among MSM in recent decades. The present study evaluates population-level mean trajectories of substance use among HIV-negative MSM from 1995 to 2019.

Using open cohort study data following MSM in the Netherlands (n=1495) since 1995, we applied generalized estimating equations to examine population-averaged estimates of five substances – alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, and poppers – from 1995 to 2019, as well as their use during sexual encounters.

Recent alcohol use decreased; predicted probabilities declined from 1995 to 2019 (.96 to .87). During the same period, cocaine and poppers use increased – (.10 to .23 and .37 to .47, respectively) and use during sex also increased (.05 to .16, and .32 to .41, respectively). Ecstasy use increased over time (.23 to .38), although not during sex. No significant changes in cannabis use occurred.

While changes in use of various substances were mixed, increases in cocaine and poppers use during sexual encounters occurred among HIV-negative MSM over time. Efforts to intervene on substance use in connection with sex remain critical for health promotion.

While changes in use of various substances were mixed, increases in cocaine and poppers use during sexual encounters occurred among HIV-negative MSM over time. Efforts to intervene on substance use in connection with sex remain critical for health promotion.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), a technique through which 100% oxygen is provided at a pressure higher than 1 atm absolute (ATA), has become a well-established treatment modality for multiple conditions. The noninvasive nature, favorable safety profile, and common clinical application of HBOT make it a competitive candidate for several new indications, one of them being aging and age-related diseases. In fact, despite the conventional wisdom that excessive oxygen accelerates aging, appropriate HBOT protocols without exceeding the toxicity threshold have shown great promise in therapies against aging. For one thing, an extensive body of basic research has expanded our mechanistic understanding of HBOT. Interestingly, the therapeutic targets of HBOT overlap considerably with those of aging and age-related diseases. For another, pre-clinical and small-scale clinical investigations have provided validated information on the efficacy of HBOT against aging from various aspects. However, a generally applicable protocol for HBOT to be utilized in therapies against aging needs to be defined as a subsequent step. It is high time to look back and summarize the recent advances concerning biological mechanisms and therapeutic implications of HBOT in promoting healthy aging and shed light on prospective directions. Here we provide the first comprehensive overview of HBOT in the field of aging and geriatric research, which allows the scientific community to be aware of the emerging tendency and move beyond conventional wisdom to scientific findings of translational value.

Diagnosing Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is complicated by a lack of adequate test systems and by the complex culturing conditions required to grow the causative pathogens in the Borrelia sensu lato complex. Improved testing methods are urgently needed. Here, we evaluate the applicability of a novel commercially available Borrelia-specific real-time PCR assay to diagnose LNB.

The specificity and sensitivity of the novel alphaCube Borrelia real-time PCR assay (Mikrogen) and the well-tested Micro-Dx™ real-time PCR assay (Molzym) were evaluated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spiked with known amounts of Borrelia garinii and CSF from 19 patients with definite or possible LNB. CSF from patients diagnosed with neurosyphilis or enterovirus meningitis served as controls.

The alphaCube assay specifically identified Borrelia down to 93 B garinii cells/mL in spiked CSF samples. The Micro-Dx™ real-time PCR assay was able to identify the presence of bacteria down to 9300 cells/mL in spiked samples. In CSF from patients diagnosed with LNB the sensitivity of the alphaCube assay was 0.00 and 0.00 for the Micro-DX.

Although the alphaCube Borrelia assay was able to identify down to 93 cells/mL in spiked CSF samples, the inability to identify Borrelia in CSF samples from patients with LNB suggests that this type of infection carries a bacterial load in CSF below this detection level. Based on these results, neither the alphaCube Borrelia real-time PCR assay nor the Micro-Dx™ real-time PCR assay can be recommended for routine diagnostics of LNB using CSF samples.

Although the alphaCube Borrelia assay was able to identify down to 93 cells/mL in spiked CSF samples, the inability to identify Borrelia in CSF samples from patients with LNB suggests that this type of infection carries a bacterial load in CSF below this detection level. Based on these results, neither the alphaCube Borrelia real-time PCR assay nor the Micro-Dx™ real-time PCR assay can be recommended for routine diagnostics of LNB using CSF samples.Understanding the formation mechanism of the flavor compounds in stinky tofu brine is crucial for controlling the flavor quality of Changsha stinky tofu. Dynamic changes in associated bacteria, enzymes, and differential metabolites in the metabolic pathway of aromatic amino acids in brine were investigated. Results showed that phenol (0.39～89.96 μg/mL), p-cresol (0.19～389.62 μg/mL), indole (1.14～242.97 μg/mL), 3-methylindole (0.14～3.00 μg/mL) were the key flavor substances of brine. The main associated bacteria Clostridiales bacterium SYSU GA17129, Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus, and Anaerosalibacter massiliensis were significantly positively correlated with key flavor substances (P less then 0.05). The main associated enzymes were transaminase, decarboxylase, and lyase. In summary, phenol and p-cresol were formed by the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine through five reaction chains, and indole and 3-methylindole were formed by the metabolism of tryptophan through one and three reaction chains, respectively.QiangHuoShengShi decoction (QHSS) was an ancient and classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription. In the previous study, its phytochemical fingerprint had been comprehensively characterized. However, no reports were available on its absorbed prototypes and the related metabolites in rat plasma samples. In this study, an intelligent and innovate analysis strategy was built for characterizing metabolic chemical-fingerprint in rat plasma after oral administration of QHSS extract. Firstly, a very simple and highly efficient online stepwise background subtraction (BS)-based ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) dynamic detection method was established to analyze the plasma samples. Secondly, the intelligent metabolic molecular network (MMN) technology was developed and used for rapidly screening out the metabolites of interest, which was followed by prediction of chemical types using the modified deep-learning assisted mass defect filter (MDF) analysis. Thirdly, the screened metabolites with identification features (metabolic pathways and chemical classification) were deeply characterized based on the MS/MS datasets. Finally, 58 prototypes of QHSS were successfully acquired and subsequently identified, including coumarins, chromones, phthalides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and saponins. A total of 111 metabolites of the coumarins, chromones, phthalides were filtered to be tentatively characterized. This developed qualitative strategy was very helpful to quickly target medicine-related metabolites in the complex bio-matrix and, importantly, it could further visualize medicine-metabolic pathways hidden in the messy mass spectrum datasets. In all, the innovate strategy would provide a powerful tool for effectively acquiring and decode complex metabolic fingerprint of natural products in vivo.

It is important to clarify the effect of ventilator hyperinflation(VHI) on pulmonary function and secretion clearance in adults receiving mechanical ventilation(MV). There is no published meta-analysis on the effects VHI on pulmonary function and secretion clearance in adults receiving MV. Objective Analyze the published randomized clinical trials(RCTs) that investigated the effects of VHI on pulmonary function and secretion clearance in adults receiving MV, comparing VHI with isolated aspiration, VHI with manual hyperinflation(MHI), VHI +vibrocompression(VB) versus VB and VHI+VB versus isolated aspiration.

The following databases PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, SciELO, PEDro database and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were consulted up to December 2021. Secretion clearance, static and dynamic compliance of the respiratory system(Cstat and Cdyn), airway resistance(Raw) and oxygenation outcomes were evaluated.

Thirteen studies met the study criteria, but only 12 studies were included onas effective in increasing the amount of secretions removed, Cdyn and oxygenation, but VHI seems to show a slight improvement in Cstat when compared to isolated aspiration. No evidence was found that VHI was effective in increasing the amount of secretions removed, Cdyn and oxygenation, but VHI seems to show a slight improvement in Cstat when compared to isolated aspiration.

Hypoxemic respiratory failure is a serious complication that can occur at any stage after cardiac surgery. Prone positioning (PP) is safe and effective for patients receiving invasive ventilation after hypoxemic respiratory failure; however, few related studies have focused on its use with extubated cardiac surgery patients. Researchers recently reported beneficial effects of PP for hypoxemic patients with COVID-19 and those with moderate ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS). PP may also improve oxygenation in extubated cardiac surgery patients.

In this study, we aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of PP in extubated cardiac surgery patients to determine whether PP can improve oxygenation and respiratory status or reduce secondary intubation.

We reviewed our institutional database between August 2018 and August 2020 and identified 22 cardiac surgery patients who had undergone PP for hypoxemic respiratory failure after extubation. From the medical and nursing records, we extracted the rates.

PP may be effective and safe for treating patients who are extubated following cardiac surgery with hypoxemic respiratory failure. For these patients, PP is associated with oxygenation and respiratory condition improvements and low secondary intubation rates.Non-melanoma carcinoma has high incidence rates and has two most common subtypes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. This type of carcinoma is usually not fatal; however, it can destroy sensory organs such as the nose, ears, and lips. The treatment of these injuries using non-invasive methods is thus strongly recommended. Some treatments for non-melanoma carcinoma are already well defined, such as surgery, cryosurgery, curettage and electrode section, and radiotherapy; however, these conventional treatments cause inflammation and scarring. In the non-surgical treatment of non-melanoma carcinoma, the topical administration of chemotherapeutic drugs contributes for an effective treatment with reduced side effects. However, the penetration of anticancer drugs in the deeper layers of the skin is required. Lipid delivery systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers) have been developed to overcome epidermal barrier of the skin and to allow the drugs to reach tumor cells.