Our results provide direct evidence for neural plasticity that compensates for the deficiency in the initial receptor color signals and suggest that the site of this compensation is in early visual cortex.Cancer metastasis, i.e., the spreading of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant organs, is responsible for the vast majority of cancer deaths. In the process, cancer cells migrate through narrow interstitial spaces substantially smaller in cross-section than the cell. During such confined migration, cancer cells experience extensive nuclear deformation, nuclear envelope rupture, and DNA damage. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the confined migration-induced DNA damage remain incompletely understood. Although in some cell lines, DNA damage is closely associated with nuclear envelope rupture, we show that, in others, mechanical deformation of the nucleus is sufficient to cause DNA damage, even in the absence of nuclear envelope rupture. This deformation-induced DNA damage, unlike nuclear-envelope-rupture-induced DNA damage, occurs primarily in S/G2 phase of the cell cycle and is associated with replication forks. Nuclear deformation, resulting from either confined migration or external cell compression, increases replication stress, possibly by increasing replication fork stalling, providing a molecular mechanism for the deformation-induced DNA damage. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism for mechanically induced DNA damage, linking mechanical deformation of the nucleus to DNA replication stress. This mechanically induced DNA damage could not only increase genomic instability in metastasizing cancer cells but could also cause DNA damage in non-migrating cells and tissues that experience mechanical compression during development, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis and DNA damage response activation.Understanding the hallmarks of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed antibody and T cell reactivity in convalescent COVID-19 patients and healthy donors sampled both prior to and during the pandemic. Healthy donors examined during the pandemic exhibited increased numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, but no humoral response. Their probable exposure to the virus resulted in either asymptomatic infection without antibody secretion or activation of preexisting immunity. In convalescent patients, we observed a public and diverse T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, revealing T cell receptor (TCR) motifs with germline-encoded features. Bulk CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to the spike protein were mediated by groups of homologous TCRs, some of them shared across multiple donors. Overall, our results demonstrate that the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2, including the identified set of TCRs, can serve as a useful biomarker for surveying antiviral immunity.Viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade elimination by the immune system. Here we examined the contribution of host long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in viral immune evasion. By functional screening of lncRNAs whose expression decreased upon viral infection of macrophages, we identified a lncRNA (lncRNA-GM, Gene Symbol AK189470.1) that promoted type I interferon (IFN-I) production and inhibited viral replication. Deficiency of lncRNA-GM in mice increased susceptibility to viral infection and impaired IFN-I production. Mechanistically, lncRNA-GM bound to glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and blocked GSTM1 interaction with the kinase TBK1, reducing GSTM1-mediated S-glutathionylation of TBK1. Decreased S-glutathionylation enhanced TBK1 activity and downstream production of antiviral mediators. Viral infection reprogrammed intracellular glutathione metabolism and furthermore, an oxidized glutathione mimetic could inhibit TBK1 activity and promote viral replication. Our findings reveal regulation of TBK1 by S-glutathionylation and provide insight into the viral mediated metabolic changes that impact innate immunity and viral evasion.Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.Bats harbor diverse viruses and manifest distinct antiviral immune responses. Recently in Cell Host & Microbe, Boys et al. demonstrated that bat receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4) is an innate antiviral effector that inhibits flavivirus replication, revealing an evolutionary arms race between flaviviruses and their hosts.Tumors use active immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immune recognition and shape the local inflammatory environment. In this issue of Immunity, Bonavita et al. report that tumor-derived PGE2 blocks early activation of natural killer cells and interferes with subsequent adaptive immune cell recruitment to the tumor.Although many immune cells can secrete TGF-β, whether all sources of TGF-β are functionally equivalent is unknown. In this issue, Turner et al. uncover the importance of T regulatory (Treg) cell-intrinsic Tgfb1 gene dose in the prevention of autoimmunity and allergic disease.In this issue of Immunity, Chopp et. al. use single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics in mice and human samples to delineate developmental trajectories of αβ T cell subsets and refine the kinetic selection model of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lineage commitment.EBF1 is a pioneer transcription factor involved in B lymphocyte specification. In this issue of Immunity, Wang et al. localize EBF1’s pioneering activity to a prion-like domain that mediates recruitment of the nucleosome remodeler Brg1 and FUS-assisted liquid-liquid phase separation.Evidence from psycholinguistic research indicates that sentence processing is impaired in Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA), and more so in individuals with agrammatic (PPA-G) than logopenic (PPA-L) subtypes. Studies have mostly focused on offline sentence production ability, reporting impaired production of verb morphology (e.g., tense, agreement) and verb-argument structure (VAS) in PPA-G, and mixed findings in PPA-L. However, little is known about real-time sentence comprehension in PPA. The present study is the first to compare real-time semantic, morphosyntactic and VAS processing in individuals with PPA (10 with PPA-G and 9 with PPA-L), and in two groups of healthy (22 young and 19 older) individuals, using event-related potentials (ERP). Participants were instructed to listen to sentences that were either well-formed (n = 150) or contained a violation of semantics (e.g., *Owen was mentoring pumpkins at the party, n = 50), morphosyntax (e.g., *The actors was singing in the theatre, n = 50) or VAS (*Ryane results indicate that on-line processing of VAS information may also be impaired in PPA-L, despite their near-normal accuracy on standardized language tests of argument structure production.The financial success of a radiology department is crucial to the well-being of both the hospital and the community it serves. Radiology trainees should therefore be conscious of how the department maintains its value within the health system. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise foundational resource for contemporary radiology residents and fellows to understand the basic financial operations of a hospital-based radiology department and to demonstrate its importance in supporting clinical activities. The radiology report is at the heart of reimbursement. Coders use this tool to assign International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes to file reimbursement claims. Medicare, commanding the highest market share for third-party payers, sets algorithmic standards for compensation practices. Private insurers contract with hospitals, and providers use these systems or create their own contractual framework. Radiology leaders strategically balance these revenue streams with various departmental costs utilizing tools such as budgets and forecasts to ensure long-term organizational viability. Notably, payment practices in the United States are transforming from fee-for-service to value-based care. The roles of the radiologist and the radiology report are evolving with it. Examples of value-based payment models are accountable care organizations and bundled payments. Radiologists participating in these models are increasingly expected to be stewards of imaging utilization and effectively manage health care resources. Within this context of a globally changing incentive structure, trainees must reconceptualize their educational experience to equip themselves for both current and future types of clinical practice.Humans possess an exceptional aptitude to efficiently make decisions from high-dimensional sensory observations. However, it is unknown how the brain compactly represents the current state of the environment to guide this process. The deep Q-network (DQN) achieves this by capturing highly nonlinear mappings from multivariate inputs to the values of potential actions. We deployed DQN as a model of brain activity and behavior in participants playing three Atari video games during fMRI. Hidden layers of DQN exhibited a striking resemblance to voxel activity in a distributed sensorimotor network, extending throughout the dorsal visual pathway into posterior parietal cortex. Neural state-space representations emerged from nonlinear transformations of the pixel space bridging perception to action and reward. These transformations reshape axes to reflect relevant high-level features and strip away information about task-irrelevant sensory features. Our findings shed light on the neural encoding of task representations for decision-making in real-world situations.Primates excel at categorization, a cognitive process for assigning stimuli into behaviorally relevant groups. Categories are encoded in multiple brain areas and tasks, yet it remains unclear how neural encoding and dynamics support cognitive tasks with different demands. We recorded from parietal cortex during flexible switching between categorization tasks with distinct cognitive and motor demands and also studied recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on the same tasks. In the one-interval categorization task (OIC), monkeys rapidly reported their decisions with a saccade. In the delayed match-to-category (DMC) task, monkeys decided whether sequentially presented stimuli were categorical matches. Neuronal category encoding generalized across tasks, but categorical encoding was more binary-like in the DMC task and more graded in the OIC task. Furthermore, analysis of trained RNNs supports the hypothesis that binary-like encoding in DMC arises through compression of graded feature encoding by attractor dynamics underlying stimulus maintenance and/or comparison in working memory.