This narrative review examines the current evidence on whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The mechanisms that could predispose OSA patients to these disorders are also explored.

Relevant literature was identified by searching for pertinent terms in Medline

, Pubmed, Scopus

, and Google scholar databases. Case reports, abstracts, review articles, original research articles, and meta-analyses were reviewed. The bibliographies of retrieved sources were also searched to identify relevant papers.

Seven studies have investigated the association between OSA and POD, with mixed results. No studies have examined the potential link between OSA and POCD. If these relationships exist, they could be mediated by several mechanisms, including increased neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier breakdown, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology, disrupted cerebral autoregulation, sleep disruption, sympaedispose patients with OSA to postoperative neurocognitive disorders. This review highlights the need for more research to improve postoperative neurocognitive outcomes for patients with OSA.Land-use change is an important research topic in global environmental change. Analyzing land-use change and its driving factors can aid in the evaluation of the current and the determination of future land-use policies. This study took Mao County, Southwest China, as the study area and used the land-use change and statistical data surveyed in 2009 and 2019. With the help of geographic information system technology, a land-use transfer matrix was used to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of spatiotemporal differentiation of land use, while the driving mechanism was analyzed by constructing the influencing factors using a geographical detector model. The results showed that the change in land use in Mao County was drastic. The increasing land types included orchards, grasslands, built-up lands, and water bodies, whereas the decreasing land types included croplands, forestlands, and unused lands. The main driving factors of land-use transition depended on the type of land-use change. Elevation, distance from the county government, and population were the main driving factors of land-use change. Road density, distance from the river, distance from the town/township government, and gross domestic product also affected land-use change to a certain extent, whereas relief and slope had less impact.

Educating patients about methotrexate is a core role of rheumatology nurses. We have previously reported the scoring of videoed interviews of rheumatology nurses educating patients prior to commencing methotrexate in comparison with the Calgary-Cambridge consultation model, and the qualitative analysis of the transcripts (Robinson et al. Musculoskeletal Care 2021). We were interested to investigate what could be learned from a more quantitative analysis of utterances and movements in these consultations and how they related to the qualitative interpretations.

To investigate the frequency of utterances and body movements during interactions between rheumatology nurses and patients commencing methotrexate and to relate these to the qualitative interpretations of the interviews.

Video-recordings of ten patients receiving methotrexate education from four different rheumatology nurses were available from the previous study. They were analysed using the Medical Interaction Process System (MIPS). This involved this pilot study, the MIPS was usable and demonstrated verbal and non-verbal behaviours consistent with the qualitative assessments. It also showed some behaviours that are not intuitive but may indicate how effectively the interview was progressing. Some nurse behaviours identified that were associated with the higher scoring interviews may be useful indictors for training including making illustrative rather than batonic gestures and checking understanding. Patient behaviours, such as greater animation, were exhibited in low-scoring consultations, and could indicate that the interview was not addressing the patient perspective. Quantification of utterances and movements can be done and may give insights into the consultation process.

Given the evidence that brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is declined in children later after the onset of Kawasaki disease (KD), we hypothesized that indicators that detect the situation of the endothelium are useful parameters that can accurately reflect subclinical dysfunction in resistant patients and assist in differentiating patients with KD at a higher risk of IVIG resistance, which may be valuable in better understanding how to protect patients from endothelial and thrombotic complications.

Fifty IVIG-resistant KD children, 120 IVIG-responsive KD children, 35 febrile children with acute upper respiratory infection, and 50 healthy controls were recruited, and indicators reflecting endothelial inflammation, including flow-mediated dilation (FMD), were measured. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to determine the threshold values of these indicators of IVIG resistance. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether FMD was an indepstant patients than in IVIG-responsive patients. It is a helpful diagnostic tool that provides supportive criteria to detect KD patients at a higher risk of IVIG resistance when FMD  less then  5.79% in children. Key Points • IVIG-resistant KD patients have more severe endothelial dysfunction than IVIG-sensitive patients. • FMD  less then  5.79% may indicate an increased risk of IVIG resistance in children with Kawasaki disease.Well before patient-centered or patient-controlled research became trendy, and earlier than calls to preferentially refer to research subjects as participants, Bob Veatch wrote „The Patient as Partner” Veatch presciently argued that research patients should not be thought of as passive subjects nor material from which to obtain data, but rather as partners in discovery. In this manuscript, I will explore Veatch’s conception of patient as partner in research and how that idea has evolved and been implemented over time and consider some of the remaining challenges. Complexities of patient partnership include clarifying the types of research in which patient partnership is most appropriate, recognizing the various possible levels of patient engagement in each case, avoiding tokenism and striving for respectful partnership, and keeping in mind the appropriate implementation of protections and safeguards. Bob Veatch would be pleased with the progress that has been made in creating research partnerships with patients, while also undoubtedly pushing us to continue to do better.

To investigate whether artificial CAD/CAM processed (computer-aided design/manufacturing) teeth could be a feasible option for the production of dental in vitro models for biomechanical testing.

Disks (n = 10 per group) made from two different CAD/CAM-materials, one fiber-reinforced composite (FRC; Trinia, Bicon) and one polymethylmethacrylate-based resin (PMMA; Telio CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent), as well as bovine teeth (n = 10), were tested for their shear bond strength (SBS) and scored according to the adhesive remnant index (ARI). In addition, CAD/CAM-manufactured lower incisor teeth were tested for their ultimate load (F

).

With regard to SBS, both PMMA (17.4 ± 2.2MPa) and FRC (18.0 ± 2.4MPa) disks showed no significant difference (p = 0.968) compared to bovine disks (18.0 ± 5.4MPa). However, the samples differed with regard to their failure mode (PMMA ARI 4, delamination failure; FRC ARI 0 and bovine ARI 1.6, both adhesive failure). With regard to F

, FRC-based teeth could withstand significantly higher loads (708 ± 126N) than PMMA-based teeth (345 ± 109N) (p < 0.01).

Unlike PMMA-based teeth, teeth made from FRC showed sufficiently high fracture resistance and comparable SBS. Thus, FRC teeth could be a promising alternative for the production of dental in vitro models for orthodontic testing.

CAD/CAM-processed teeth made from FRC enable the use of standardized geometry and constant material properties. Using FRC teeth in dental in vitro studies has therefore the potential to identify differences between various treatment options with rather small sample sizes, while remaining close to the clinical situation.

CAD/CAM-processed teeth made from FRC enable the use of standardized geometry and constant material properties. Using FRC teeth in dental in vitro studies has therefore the potential to identify differences between various treatment options with rather small sample sizes, while remaining close to the clinical situation.

To compare changes in root length of maxillary incisors with and without dental trauma throughout orthodontic treatment.

Patients younger than 18years, with trauma on at least one maxillary incisor, undergoing orthodontic treatment between 2017 and 2021 were included, using the contralateral side as control without trauma when available. Periapical radiographs were taken pre-treatment and at 6months intervals, and root/crown ratio was calculated. Linear mixed models were used to describe the evolution of root length at the different time points and to compare trauma and control values. Differences between central and lateral incisors and between treatment modalities were additionally explored.

A total of 1768 measurements were performed on 499 teeth (201 with trauma) in 135 patients. Incisor root length significantly decreased during orthodontic treatment in teeth with and without trauma. Lateral incisors with trauma were more susceptible to root resorption than those without trauma and central incisors. No significant decrease in root length was observed with removable appliances, which never exceeded 15months of treatment. Treatment with fixed appliances led to gradually increasing, significant root length shortening in teeth with and without trauma.

Treatment duration directly correlated with root length shortening both in teeth with and without trauma history. Teeth with trauma showed significantly more root resorption after treatment with fixed appliances while removable appliances had no significant influence on root length.

Previous history of dental trauma is no absolute contra-indication to start orthodontic treatment, as long as treatment duration is kept as short as possible.

Previous history of dental trauma is no absolute contra-indication to start orthodontic treatment, as long as treatment duration is kept as short as possible.Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent organic pollutants that have been detected in a wide array of environmental matrices and, in turn, diverse biota including humans and wildlife wherein they have been associated with a multitude of toxic, and otherwise adverse effects, including ecosystem impacts. In the present study, we developed a toxicity assay for embryonic stages of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), as an environmentally relevant pelagic fish species, and applied this assay to the evaluation of the toxicity of „legacy” and „next-generation” PFAS including, respectively, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and several perfluoroethercarboxylic acids (PFECA). Acute embryotoxicity, in the form of lethality, was measured for all five PFAS toward mahi-mahi embryos with median lethal concentrations (LC50) in the micromolar range. Consistent with studies in other similar model systems, and specifically the zebrafish, embryotoxicity in mahi-mahi generally (1) correlated with fluoroalkyl/fluoroether chain length and hydrophobicity, i.