ications, clinicians should evaluate certain risk factors before scheduling patients for dexamethasone implant treatment and use proper injection techniques.

To compare the effects of yellow (577 nm) subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) and intravitreal (IV) anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) with relatively better visual acuity [best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤0.15 logMAR].

The medical records of 76 eyes of 47 patients underwent IV (0.5 mg) anti-VEGF injection or SML for the DME with relatively better BCVA were reviewed. The IV group received three consecutive monthly IV anti-VEGF injections, then were retreated as needed. The laser treatment group was treated at baseline and 3mo, and then retreated at 6 and 9mo if needed. All participants were followed up for one year. The mean BCVA and mean central macular thickness (CMT) values changes over the follow-up were evaluated.

Twenty-four and 23 patients were assigned to the SML and IV subgroups, respectively. The mean number of treatments was 3.64±0.76 in SML group and 5.85±1.38 in IV group (

<0.05). The subgroups were similar with regard to the mean BCVA score at baseline and at the 1

and 3

months, but the score of SML group was better than that of IV group at the 6

, 9

, and 12

months (

<0.05). The decrease in the mean CMT values from baseline values was higher in SML group at the 6

, 9

, and 12

months (

<0.05).

Yellow SML treatment is superior to IV anti-VEGF injection in DME patients with relatively better BCVA for increasing visual acuity and decreasing CMT at 6, 9, and 12mo. SML can be a good alternative first-line therapy for DME with BCVA ≤0.15 logMAR.

Yellow SML treatment is superior to IV anti-VEGF injection in DME patients with relatively better BCVA for increasing visual acuity and decreasing CMT at 6, 9, and 12mo. SML can be a good alternative first-line therapy for DME with BCVA ≤0.15 logMAR.

To assess the effect of the intravitreal dexamethasone implant (DEX) Ozurdex on the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).

Totally 43 eyes (24 naïve and 19 previously treated) were included in the study. Retrospective and single-center study involved patients with a clinical diagnosed of DME, who received treatment with DEX implant and had a follow-up of at least 12mo. Primary endpoints included changes in BCVA and CRT.

At month 12, mean improvement in BCVA from baseline was 20.4±20.8 letters and 6.8±6.9 letters in naïve and previously treated patients, respectively (

=0.0132). The naïve patients achieved the BCVA improvement significantly faster (2.4±1.5mo) than the previously treated ones (3.5±2.4mo,

=0.0298; Mann-Whitney test). The proportion of eyes gaining ≥15 letters was 54.2% and 21.1% in the non-previously treated and previously treated groups, respectively (

=0.0293). CRT was significantly reduced from 484.0±119tained in this study may support the early use of DEX Ozurdex as first line therapy in naïve patients.

The results obtained in this study may support the early use of DEX Ozurdex as first line therapy in naïve patients.

To analyze the correlation between macular morphology and function in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME).

Fifty-five eyes with different visual acuity (VA) of 32 patients who suffered from DME were analyzed using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The parameters of mfERG including implicit times and response amplitude were compared to those of 50 normal eyes of 36 age-matched subjects. Correlation analysis was performed between VA, the parameters of mfERG including implicit times and response amplitude, and the central macular thickness (CMT).

The amplitude of N1 and P1 were significantly decreased and their latency were significantly increased in five ring regions of the retina in patients with DME. There was statistically significant correlation between logMAR BCVA and P1 amplitude densities in rings 1-4 (

=-0.306, -0.536, -0.470, -0.362;

=0.023, <0.01, <0.01, 0.007 respectively), N1 amplitude in ring 2 and ring 3 (

=-0.035, -0.286;

=0.019, 0.034 respectively). There was poor correlation between the CMT and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA;

=0.288,

=0.033), but there was no significant correlation between CMT and amplitude or implicit time of N1 and P1 (

>0.05) in the central macular ring. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that P1 amplitude density in ring 2 was the only contributor to the VA.

It seems to be more appropriate of combining use of mfERG with OCT for the evaluation of macular function in eyes with DME.

It seems to be more appropriate of combining use of mfERG with OCT for the evaluation of macular function in eyes with DME.

To compare the efficacy of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept in pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME) patients with Irvine-Gass syndrome (IGS).

This study is designed as retrospective consecutive case series. Those who developed postoperative pseudophakic CME that refractory to topical treatment and were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents included in the study. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination including central macular thickness (CMT), total macular volume (TMV), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) and choroidal thickness (ChT) measurements at the baseline, 1

, 3

and 6

month controls were performed.

Fifty-nine eyes of 59 patients with CME and other healthy eyes of the patients (Control group) were evaluated. There were 22 eyes of 22 patients in the bevacizumab group (group 1), 19 eyes of 19 patients in the ranibizumab group (group 2), and 18 eyes of 18 patients in the aflibercept group (group 3). There was no difference in terms of age, gender, axial length, IOP, and spherical equivalent values. The baseline subfoveal and mean ChT were higher in the IGS group. The difference between the baseline and sixth month values of subfoveal and mean ChT were compared in the CME groups, thinning was observed in all three groups. GCL was thinner in the patient group at the 6th month of treatment. The resolution time of CME was observed faster in group 1.

All three anti-VEGF agents seem to be effective in CME but bevacizumab appears to be slightly more cost-effective than the other two alternatives.

All three anti-VEGF agents seem to be effective in CME but bevacizumab appears to be slightly more cost-effective than the other two alternatives.

To measure the central choroidal thickness (ChT) in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders.

Totally 41 anxiety patients (8-16y) and 35 healthy controls (age-matched) were evaluated. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Inclusion criteria were best corrected visual acuity ≥20/20, normal intraocular pressure (IOP; 10-21 mm Hg), and no systemic or ocular diseases according to history. The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was determined using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children Present-Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was used to measure the central ChT.

The mean age was 12.18±3.24y in the patient group and 12.86±3.15y in the control group. Age and gender distribution of the two groups was similar. Central ChT mean value was 353.26±31.9 µm in anxiety patients while 318.75±60.9 µm in the control group. Mean central ChT was statistically significantly higher in the children and adolescents with anxiety disorders than healthy controls (

=0.002).

The children and adolescents with anxiety disorders have significantly thicker central ChT than controls. In the larger sample, longitudinal studies will contribute to the use of choroidal differences as a clinical marker for monitoring anxiety disorders.

The children and adolescents with anxiety disorders have significantly thicker central ChT than controls. In the larger sample, longitudinal studies will contribute to the use of choroidal differences as a clinical marker for monitoring anxiety disorders.

To evaluate the precision of digital intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in silicone oil (SO) filled eyes during vitrectomy.

This is a retrospective, single-blind study. Patients who were diagnosed with retinal detachment and scheduled for vitrectomy with SO injection were consecutively enrolled. During the vitrectomy, IOP was digitally measured and then by a rebound tonometer (IcarePRO). The rebound tonometer readings were masked to the surgeons. The digitally measured IOP and that of rebound tonometer were compared, and the inter-methods agreement was assessed. The absolute deviation in IOP values between these two methods (ΔIOP) was also calculated, and correlations between ΔIOP and refractive status, lens status and levels of surgeons’ experience were analyzed.

A total of 131 patients (131 eyes) were recruited, with a mean age of 51.0±16.1y. There was no significant difference in IOPs between digital measurement and the rebound tonometer (15.6±4.3

15.7±5.1 mm Hg;

=0.406,

=0.686). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) analysis indicated a strong correlation between these two measurements (ICC=0.830,

<0.001). The mean ΔIOP was 2.0±1.9 mm Hg (range 0-12.8 mm Hg), with 98 eyes (74.8%) had the ΔIOP within 3 mm Hg. ΔIOP was found to be negatively correlated with levels of surgeons’ experience (

=-0.183;

=0.037), but not with the refractive status or lens status of the patients (both

>0.05).

For experienced surgeons, the digital IOP measurement may be an acceptable technique for IOP measurement in SO filled eyes during vitrectomy. However, its use by inexperienced surgeons should be taken with caution.

For experienced surgeons, the digital IOP measurement may be an acceptable technique for IOP measurement in SO filled eyes during vitrectomy. However, its use by inexperienced surgeons should be taken with caution.

To evaluate the refractive and visual outcomes following cataract surgery and implantation of a trifocal toric intraocular lens (IOL) in eyes with low degrees of corneal astigmatism.

Twenty-six eyes of 22 patients who underwent implantation a trifocal toric IOL (FineVision PODFT, PhysIOL s.a., Liege, Belgium) were enrolled. Phacoemulsification with femtosecond laser, capsular tension ring insertion and intraoperative aberrometry were performed in all cases. All IOLs used showed a cylinder power of 1.00 D. Main outcome measures were refractive error and corrected-distance visual acuity (CDVA) and uncorrected-distance visual acuity (UDVA) values. Eyes were evaluated at 4mo post-surgery.

Totally 50% of eyes showed a spherical equivalent (SE) within ±0.13 D and all of them within ±0.50 D. The mean SE and refractive cylinder were -0.02±0.23 and -0.16±0.22 D, respectively. Vector analysis revealed that 100% of eyes were within ±0.50 D for the SE and cylindrical components (J0 and J45). Refractive changes were not correlated with keratometric changes (

>0.05) showing that the reduction in astigmatism comes from the trifocal toric IOL. Of 81% and 96% of eyes showed UDVA and CDVA of 20/20, respectively. The postoperative mean values of monocular distance Snellen decimal UDVA and CDVA were 0.97±0.05 and 0.99±0.02 (about 20/20), respectively.

Our study suggests that the use of this trifocal toric IOL in patients with low amount of astigmatism provides accurate refractive outcomes and enables them to achieve excellent visual acuity.

Our study suggests that the use of this trifocal toric IOL in patients with low amount of astigmatism provides accurate refractive outcomes and enables them to achieve excellent visual acuity.